富蘭克林自傳 第7章
    第七章

    11754年,與法蘭西的戰爭又有端倪了,在商務部議員的命令下,各殖民地的委員代表們還有當地的6個土族的酋長們將在奧爾巴尼齊集,並在那裡召開一個大會,討論協商我們的國家安全防禦問題。漢密爾頓州長在接到這個命令後就通知州議會,並請州議會提供適當禮品,準備在開會的時候送給印第安人。州長提議由我和議長(諾裡斯先生),還有托馬斯·潘先生以及秘書彼得斯先生組成賓西法尼亞代表團參加這次會議。州議會通過了這個名單且提供了禮品,然而,他們卻不贊成在賓西法尼亞以外的州開會進行談判。我們和其他的代表團大概在6月的中旬在奧爾巴尼會集。

    2在赴會途中,我起草了一個將各個殖民地聯合在一個政府之下的方案,這樣的話,為我們共同的防禦和其它共同的重大事件提供了一個必要的平台。當我們經過紐約時,我把我的方案拿給了詹姆士·亞歷山大先生和肯尼迪先生看,這兩位紳士對公眾事情有相當的造詣,得到他們的嘉許,我就更大膽地在大會上提出了我的這一方案。碰巧,有幾位代表也提出了這樣類似的計劃。一個先決問題首先被提到了大會上,那就是我們是否應該成立一個聯邦,這個問題被全體一致肯定通過。考慮了幾種關於組建聯邦的方案和報告後,我們成立了一個委員會,成員由每個殖民地派出一名。據報道,我的方案碰巧成為委員會的首選,只是經過了一些修改完善。

    3按照這個方案,聯邦政府將由一個總統來管轄治理,這個總統由英王來任命,由各殖民地的代表選舉成立一個參議會,代表他們各自的集團。在這個問題上的討論天天進行,與此同時的,還有印第安的事物。許多反對意見和不同意見都提了出來,但最終都被說服了,這個方案最後被全體一致無異議地通過,復本被寄送給商務部和各州的州議會。這個方案的命運非常奇特:州議會沒有採納它,因為他們認為它太專權了,而在英國,它卻被認為它太民主了,也沒被採納。

    4商務部沒有贊成它,也沒有報請英王陛下通過;有人提出了另一個方案,據說它更符合要求。按照這個方案,由各州的州長和部分參議會的議員商量練兵和修建炮台等事宜。所需費用由英國國庫先墊付,事後由議會向美洲殖民地徵稅來償還。我的計劃和支持我這個計劃的理由,都可以在我後來刊印的政治論文集中看到。

    5接下來的那個冬天,我到了波士頓,因此我就有很多機會和薛力州長討論這兩個方案。我們之間關於這一問題的部分談話,也可以在上述那些論文中找到。這些不同的和反對的不喜歡我這個方案的理由,使得我懷疑我的方案是否真的半生不熟;我一直堅持我的觀點,它會給大西洋兩岸都帶來幸福的,假如它被採納的話。這些殖民地如果聯合在一起的話,力量會加強,捍衛自己的利益不在話下,這樣一來就用不著從英國派遣軍隊了;也用不著向美洲人課稅了,由課稅引起的流血戰爭時時發生,這原本是可以避免的。但是像這樣的錯誤已經不是新鮮的事了,歷史上君王和國家的這樣的謬誤俯拾皆是。

    環顧所居住的宇宙,

    看得清自己優點的人,

    是多麼的少啊!

    知道這點能夠奮起直追的人又何其少啊!

    6那些統治者們,手邊上有忙不完的事,一般不可能會不辭辛勞地對一個新的方案深思熟慮,再把它付諸實行。因此那些好的方案被採納,不是因為它先在的智慧,而是由於迫於偶然的時勢。

    7賓西法尼亞州的州長,在把我的計劃送往議會時評價說:「這一計劃看起來判斷精確,有理有據,因此值得州議會加以最細心的和最認真的考慮。」但是,有個議員趁我偶然缺席的機會,設法使得議會討論了這一議案,完全不加考慮,馬馬虎虎地就否決了它,這種策略在我看來是十分卑鄙的,一點都不公正的,而且這結果對我來說,我也沒有絲毫的羞辱感。

    8這年在我去波士頓的旅途中,我在紐約遇見了我們新州長莫裡斯先生,他剛從英國來,我曾經跟他很熟悉。他奉命來接替漢密爾頓先生,漢密爾頓先生因為受了上司訓令的約束,不可避免地要與州議會發生爭執而辭職了。莫裡斯先生問我,依照我的觀點他是否會像前任州長一樣處境艱難、辦事棘手?我說:「不,相反的,如果你小心不和州議會發生爭辯,你的處境會一帆風順的,完全稱心如意」。他高興地說:「我親愛的朋友,你怎樣能勸我避免爭論啊?你知道,我最愛與人爭論了,這是我人生一大樂事啊!然而,為了尊重你的忠告,我向你保證,我將盡可能地避免與議會的爭辯」。他愛好爭辯是有些理由的,他巧舌如簧,思維敏捷,是個精明的辯論家,在爭辯中往往處於上風。他在這方面從小就訓練有素,據說他的父親常常在飯後使他的孩子們相互爭辯作為消遣,但我認為這樣的方法是不明智的,根據我的觀察,凡是喜歡爭辯、抗辯和反駁的人在工作上一般總是倒霉的。儘管有時候他們會獲得勝利,但那只是暫時的,人們總憎恨他們,獲得人們的好感遠比一時的爭強好勝對他們有好處的多。我們分手後,他到費城去了,我則去了波士頓。

    9在回來的路上,我在紐約看到了州議會的決議案,從這些決議案來看,好像儘管他向我做過保證,但他和州議會的關係已經十分惡劣了;在他任職期間,他和州議會之間一直是唇槍舌劍,不斷地鬥爭著。我也加了進來,因為我一回到州議會,他們就要我參加各種各樣的委員會,駁斥他的演講和咨文,委員會總要我起草這些文件。我們的答覆和他的咨文常常是尖刻的,有時竟是像潑婦罵街!他知道這些答覆是我替議會寫的,因此人們會想當然地認為,當我們見面時,也難免會辯駁一番。但是他卻是一個敦厚的人,公私分明,所以我們兩人之間並沒有因為這些公事上的爭執,而影響了個人的恩怨。我們還常在一起吃飯呢!

    10有天下午,正當這公務上的爭吵達到高潮時,我們在街上碰到了。他說:「富蘭克林,請跟我一塊上我家消磨一個晚上吧,我有些朋友要來,你會喜歡他們的。」說完就挽著我的胳膊,到他家去了。飯後,我們一面喝著酒,一面愉快地閒聊,他開玩笑地對我們說,他很喜歡桑科·潘薩的想法,當有人提議叫他做國王時,他要求讓他統治黑奴,因為,如果他和他的人民意見不合時,他可以把他們買掉。他一個坐在我旁邊的朋友說:「富蘭克林,你為什麼始終偏袒那些該死的教友會教友呢?你把他們賣了,不是更好嗎?我們的老闆願意高價收買呢!」我說:「州長把他們塗得夠黑啊!」他確實在他所有的咨文中竭盡可能地把州議會描畫成漆黑一團,但是州長剛把黑色塗上,州議會就盡快把它擦去,而且回敬給他,塗在他自己的臉上,所以當他發現他自己看上去將變成黑人的時候,他像漢密爾頓先生一樣,對於這種爭執感到厭倦了,於是也辭職了!

    11這些公開的爭吵說到底還是因為私人領主,他們是我們世襲的州長,每當為了防止他們的領地承擔費用時,他們就用讓人難以置信的方式告誡他們的代理人,拒絕通過徵收必需捐稅的議案,除非在同一法令中,明文規定他們巨大的財產獲得免稅。他們甚至要求他們的代表寫下擔保書來保證遵從他們的諾言。州議會連續三年堅決反對這種不公正的行為,雖然最後它不得不屈服了。最後,丹尼上尉繼任了莫裡斯州長的職位,他終於大膽而又堅決地執行這些領主的命令了。關於這件事的來龍去脈我將在下文敘述。

    但是,我講得太快了,搶到我的故事前面去了,在莫裡斯州長的任期內還必須提這幾件事。

    12與法戰爭在某種方式上已經開始了,馬薩諸塞彎的政府準備拿下王冠岬,並派了昆西先生到賓西法尼亞和波納爾先生即後來的波納爾州長,到紐約尋求援助。那時我正在議會,知道裡面的情況;我還是昆西的老鄉,所以,他就懇求我利用我的地位來幫幫他。我向他口授了一些對議會那些人演講的內容,這篇演講的反響良好。州議會投票決定援助1萬英鎊,用來購買糧秣輜重。但是州長拒絕通過該項議案(該議案還包括給國王的各項費用),除非再加進一條,免除私人領主支付任何因此而要交納的捐稅。雖然州議會極力想使他們對新英格蘭的援助有效,但是不知道該怎麼實現它。昆西先生努力使州長先生能夠批准該項議案,但是州長就是不准,他很頑固的!

    13那時我提出了個建議,不需要州長的同意就可以辦到,就是向貸款辦訂購信用券,按照法律,州議會有權這樣做,但是那個時候,貸款辦實際上也沒有多少錢,因此我就提議這些信用券在一年之內就該兌現,並且承擔5厘的利息。我認為可以利用這些信用券順利地解決糧秣輜重問題。州議會沒有絲毫猶豫就採納了我的主張。信用券被立即印發了出來,我是指定簽署和發行這些信用券的委員之一。當時全州的貨幣貸款的利息和消費稅的收入都用來償付這些信用券,大家知道這樣的回收是綽綽有餘的,因此立即贏得了人們的信任,這些信用券不僅用來買糧草,而且有些有錢人把手邊的閒錢投在它身上,拿來做投資,而且這種投資沒什麼風險,因為這些信用券沒轉讓出去時,它們有利息,而在任何時候它們可以當做現金來使用,所以它們在發行的短短幾個星期之內就被搶購一空了。這樣,這件重要的事在我的方法下終於完成了。在一篇措辭文雅的備忘錄中我的朋友昆西先生對州議會表示了深深的謝意,並且對他這次外交的成功感到相當滿意,可以說是載譽而歸,此後,我倆之間的友誼是那麼的熱誠和深厚。

    14英國政府不允許各殖民地按照奧爾巴尼的建議建立一個聯合政權,也不願這個聯邦建立起它們自己的防禦軍事,因為害怕殖民地的力量過於強大而影響或削弱自己的力量了。這時,英國政府對各殖民地已經充滿了懷疑和猜忌,因此它派遣了布萊德多克將軍和兩個聯隊的英國正規軍隊越過海峽來美洲,作為邊防軍維護英國政府的既得利益。他在維吉尼亞的亞歷山大海港那裡登陸,然後又向馬裡蘭的弗雷德裡克進軍,不久又在那裡駐紮了下來。我們的州議會從各個方面打探來的消息中得知,這位將軍對我們的議會頗有強烈的偏見,認為州議會會反對他的軍隊,所以議會要我以郵政總長的身份而不是以議會的名義去拜訪他,在與他商談問題的情況下,用最為迅速的速度和最穩妥安全的方式給他和州長們傳遞信件,他必然要不斷地和州長們保持聯絡。各州州長建議郵遞費用由他們負擔,這次隨我同行的還有我的兒子。

    15我們在弗雷德裡克鎮找到了這位將軍,他正很不耐煩地等待那些他派到馬裡蘭和維吉尼亞四處尋找馬車的助手們。我和他相處了好幾天,每天和他一塊進餐,因此我有充足的機會向他提供關於議會的信息來解除他對我們的偏見,我對他說,為了幫助他開展工作,議會在他來之前就已經開始做了準備工作,並且一直願意這樣做下去。當我動身回來的時候,收集馬車的統計數字送來了,從這些數字來看,馬車的數量好像不多,只有25輛,而且當中還有些是破舊不堪的。將軍和他的隨從官員們看到這樣的馬車都非常吃驚,認為這次真是出師不利,因為它無法進行下去了,他們開始詛咒英國政府愚昧無知,叫他們在缺乏運輸工具的地帶登陸簡直瞎了眼!因為他們至少需要150輛馬車來運輸糧秣行李等東西。

    16碰巧我說了句,真遺憾他們沒在賓西法尼亞登陸,因為在那裡幾乎每家每戶都有一輛馬車。這位將軍馬上急切地抓住我這句話,說到:「那這樣吧,先生,你是那裡有地位的人能夠幫得上我們的忙的,你能夠替我們弄到這些車輛的,我懇請您來承辦這件事」。我問他願意給馬車的車主什麼樣的酬勞;然後他就要求我把我認為必需的酬勞寫到紙上去。我照做了,他們就同意這樣的報酬,之後委託書和指令就立即準備好了。我一到蘭開斯特就把那些酬勞寫在廣告裡登了出去,這個廣告產生了一個巨大而又突然的效果,作為一個奇異有趣的文件,我將在這插入它的全文,供大家看一下。原文如下:

    廣告

    1753年4月26日,蘭開斯特

    茲因英王陛下的軍隊將要在威爾港集合,需要150輛馬車,每輛馬車需配備馬4匹,還有1500匹鞍馬或馱馬,英王優秀的愛將布萊德多克將軍樂意授權給我讓我代他同諸位訂立僱傭上述車馬合同。特此通知:從即日起到下星期三晚上為止,我將在蘭開斯特辦理此事,從下星期四上午起到星期五晚上,我將在約克辦理此事。在上述兩地租用車輛,車隊或單獨的馬匹的費用基本如下:1.每輛馬車如配有4匹好馬和一個車伕的話,每天將有15先令的酬勞,配有全套馬鞍或者其它馬鞍和其它裝備的健壯馬匹,每日每匹付與2先令的酬勞,沒有配備馬鞍等設備的健壯馬匹,每日每匹付與18便士。2.各種車馬的租費都從加入威爾港部隊之日算起。車輛馬匹必須在下個月(5月)20日以前到威爾港部隊報到。除了規定的租金以外,對於馬匹在往返途中的時間也將給予適當的補貼。3.每一輛馬車和牲口聯隊,每一匹鞍馬或馭馬應由我和馬或馬車的主人共同選定公正的人士進行評估,萬一這些馬匹和車在軍役途中丟失的話,也好照價賠償。4.在訂立該合同時,如有必要,馬車或馬匹的主人可向我預支7天的租金,餘款將由布萊德多克將軍或軍需官在解雇時或在其它需要的時候支付。5.馬車的車伕或者照料僱傭馬匹的車伕在任何情形下,決不被命令履行兵士的職務或者其它照料馬車或馬匹以外的工作。6.凡是由馬車或馬匹運抵軍營的一切燕麥、玉米或者其它糧食,除飼養馬匹必須的以外,其它的都拿來供軍隊所用,按其合理價格收購。

    備註:我的兒子威廉·富蘭克林有權在坎伯蘭郡與任何人訂立此類合同。

    本傑明·富蘭克林

    告蘭開斯特、約克和坎伯蘭郡人民書

    朋友們,老鄉們:

    幾天之前我偶然到弗雷德裡克軍營去,我發現那位將軍和他的下屬軍官們正因為缺乏馬匹和車輛而發愁、惱怒。他們本來以為賓西法尼亞是最有能力的,也期待著本州給他們提供這些便利,但是由於我們的州長和州議會意見不和,我們既沒有撥款,也沒有為此採取其它有效的措施。

    有人建議,立即派一支武裝力量進入本州各郡,按照需要強佔一些精良的馬匹和車輛,並強征必要數量的壯丁入伍,來駕馭、照料車輛和馬匹。

    我很擔心英國士兵帶著這樣的使命通過本州各郡,特別是考慮到他們現在的憤怒和他們對我們的怨恨,這樣會給我們的居民帶來許多大量的不便。因此,我更願意不辭辛勞,試著用更公平合理的方式來解決這個問題。近來各邊郡的人們向議會抱怨說手邊的貨幣太少了;現在你們有機會贏得一筆可觀的錢了,假如這次戰事如所預計的持續120天,事實上它可能還會更久,這些租用車輛和馬匹的費用就會超過3萬鎊之巨,他們將用英王的金銀幣來支付這些租金。

    這樣的服役是非常輕便和簡單的,因為軍隊每天走不了20英里的路,馬車和那些運輸行李的馬匹,它們運輸的東西對軍隊來說是非常必要的。所以必須跟上軍隊的步伐,不能走太快,也不能走太慢,而且為了軍隊起見,不論在行軍時還是安營紮寨時,都應該把這些馬匹和車輛放在最安全的地方的。

    正如我所相信的,假如你們真的是對英王陛下絕對善良和忠誠的話,現在就有讓你們表現忠心的機會,而且做起來也沒有什麼難度。假如是因為農忙而不好單獨提供1輛馬車,4匹馬和1個馬車伕的話,那3、4家合在一起也可以了,一家出車,另一家出1匹或2匹馬,其餘的出個馬車伕,租費你們可以按比例來分攤。假如對於這樣優厚的待遇和合理的酬勞仍然不能打動你們那報效英王忠心的話,那麼人們就要大大地懷疑你們所謂的忠心了。國王的任務必須完成。那麼多勇敢的戰士不遠千里來保衛你們,決不能因為你們的玩忽職守而放棄;車輛和馬匹是非要不可的,因此他們可能採取強制手段,到時候你們就會深感痛苦,無計可施了,而且到那時也少有人來同情和關心你們了!

    在這件事上,我沒有特別的利益所求,除了滿足我行善的努力之外,我只會鞠躬盡瘁。假如這樣的獲得馬車和馬匹的方案還不能成功的話,我不得不在兩星期內通知將軍。我想輕騎兵約翰·聖克萊爵士會立刻帶著一隊士兵到賓西法尼亞來找馬車。到那時我將感到十分遺憾,因為我是你們非常真摯的朋友。

     你們的朋友

    本傑明·富蘭克林

    17我從將軍那裡領到了大概800鎊,作為付給車主等人的預支租金,但是這筆錢還不夠,所以我又墊付了200多鎊。兩星期之內150輛馬車和259匹馭馬就向軍營出發了。廣告上本來講好如果有車馬損失,就照價賠償。但是車主說,他們不認識那將軍,或者也不知道他的諾言是否可靠,所以他們堅持要我親自擔保,於是,我就擔保下來了。

    18一天晚上,我在軍營裡同丹巴上校聯隊的軍官們共進晚餐,他告訴我他很擔心他的部下,因為這些軍官們的收入一般都不多,而英國的消費水平又非常高,什麼都貴。這次到這樣一個沒有人煙的地方遠征,他們連必需的日用品都無力購買。我對他們的處境表示相當的同情,決定設法替他們想些辦法來改善這些情況。但是我沒有立即告訴他我的意圖,第二天上午我就寫了一封信給一個有權支配一些公款的委員會,誠懇地希望他們考慮這些軍官的處境,提議贈送給他們一些食物飲料和日用必需品。我兒子曾經在軍營裡呆過,對軍營的生活和需要有一些經驗和體會,他替我開了張單子,我就把它附在信裡一同寄了出去。委員會同意了我的請求,這件事辦理得相當迅速,當賓西法尼亞的車馬隊達到軍營時,這些日用品也由我兒子押運著送到了。共計20包,每包都有:

    塊狀糖 6磅 上等黑砂糖 6磅

    上等綠茶 1磅 上等紅茶 1磅

    上等咖啡粉 6磅 巧克力 6磅

    上等白色曲奇餅 50磅 胡椒粉 半磅

    上等白酒 1誇爾 格洛斯特1塊

    上等牛油 1桶含有20磅陳年白葡萄酒 2打

    牙買加酒 2加侖芥末粉 1瓶

    上等熏火腿 2只醃舌 半打

    大米 6磅葡萄乾 6磅

    19這20個大包,包裝得很牢固,很好,放在20匹馬上。每1個包跟1匹馬一同送給1個軍官。軍官們收到這些禮物時,莫名的感動,兩個聯隊的上校都寫信給我,向我表示衷心的感謝。將軍看我替他租到了車輛等物也感到十分滿意,馬上就償還了我的墊款,再三地向我道謝,並且要求我繼續協助他,替他負責糧草輜重等。這事我也答應了,並且忙忙碌碌地採辦著軍糧直到我們聽到他失敗的消息為止,我個人替他的軍隊墊了1000多英鎊,我寄了一張帳單給他。幸虧在會戰的前幾天他收到了這張帳單,所以他立即寄回了一張匯款單,命令軍需官付給我1000鎊的整數,餘下的併入下次賬目。這次能夠收回賬目簡直是個奇跡,因為至此以後我再也沒有收回所欠的餘款了。

    20這位將軍,我認為,是個非常勇敢的人,在歐洲戰場上或許可能會成為一個能征善戰的將軍,可是他太自信了,而且高估了正規部隊的作戰能力,也低估了美洲殖民地和印第安人的反抗力量。喬治·克羅恩,我們的印第安語翻譯,帶了100名印第安人加入他的軍隊隨軍前行,如果這位將軍能好好對待他們的話,他們一定會發揮好他們的嚮導作用,但是將軍瞧不起他們,以致後來喬治·克羅恩他們離開了軍隊。

    21一天在我跟他的談話中,他向我透露他的作戰計劃。他說:「拿下杜肯堡壘後,我將直搗尼亞加拉;拿下之後,我就進軍弗郎耐克,如果季節允許的話;我想,這也沒什麼不可以的,因為杜肯堡壘很難抵得住我們3、4天的進攻;也沒什麼東西可以阻礙我們向尼亞加拉的進軍步伐。」我腦海中老出現他的軍隊在蜿蜒的羊腸小道上被拉成好長的一條線,這樣的話很可能在樹林和灌木叢裡遭埋伏,而被切成幾段吃掉,我也曾經瞭解到上一次戰役就是這樣的情形,大概有1500人的法國軍隊,在侵入易洛魁的領地時慘遭這樣的失敗,所以我為他這次的戰役很是擔心,懷疑他是否能免遭此厄運。但是我鼓足勇氣,也只敢說:「當然了,先生,順利拿下杜肯堡,這個是肯定的,因為您的軍隊裝備優良,而且杜肯堡這個地方也沒有很強的防禦力量,聽說他們的防禦工事都還沒有完成呢!但是對您的軍隊來說惟一的憂患就是印第安人的埋伏,他們很善於打這樣的戰法,在埋伏和偷襲方面都是十分神出鬼沒的,您的軍隊一旦走上這樣的山路,隊伍勢必會拉的很長,幾乎有4英里之長了,這樣您的軍隊就很有可能給敵人有可乘之機了,敵人很有可能從側翼來伏擊它,包圍且把它分割成幾段。由於戰線太長,首尾不能互相照應,因此不可能在短時間內互相支援的。這可以說是個兵家之大忌呀。

    22他不但不聽我的勸告反而笑我愚昧無知。他說:「的確啊,這些勇猛的土著對於你們這些未經正規訓練的殖民地民兵來說可能是強敵,但是對於英王陛下的久經沙場的正規軍來說,先生,他們是興不起什麼大風來的。」我意識到我沒有資格和一個軍人爭辯他專業上的問題,因此就不再多說什麼了。然而,狡猾的敵人,並沒有在我想像的長蛇陣中伏擊他們,而是讓他們繼續前進,直到離目的地9英里的地方才開始動手。在那裡,部隊都集中在一起了(因為部隊正渡河,先頭部隊停止前進在那等待全軍過河),而且這塊地是他們經過的最大的一塊林間空地,就在這裡,敵人從樹林和叢林後面對他的先頭部隊發起了猛烈的進攻。到這時,將軍才第一次明白他的敵人果然離他是如此的近了。先頭部隊秩序大亂,將軍就督促他的大軍上前救援,但是救援工作也陷入了巨大的麻煩當中,因為馬車、行李和牲口一旦敵人開火就自己亂了起來,所以隊伍被擠在一起不得前進。不久敵人就從他們的側翼進攻,軍官們因為騎在馬上,是鮮明的靶子,成為眾矢之的,很快地都倒下了。士兵們亂作一堆,聽不到軍官們的號令,只能呆在那裡給人做槍靶子,可憐的他們死傷慘重,大概有23以上的人中彈倒下了,其餘的士兵恐慌極了,都作鳥獸散。

    23一個趕車的人從他所在的隊伍中拽出一匹馬來逃跑了,他立即成了別的車伕的榜樣,於是大家也都跟著逃跑了。因此所有的馬車、糧秣、大炮和其它的軍火都留給了敵人。將軍本人也受傷了,他的部下好不容易才把他救了出來。他的秘書薛力先生在他身邊飲彈而亡;全軍86位軍官,至少有63位犧牲或受傷的,1100名士兵中有714位戰士在此次戰役中喪生。這1100名兵士都是從全軍中挑出來最優秀的士兵;死裡逃生的士兵們都逃往丹巴上校那裡,按原定的作戰計劃,丹巴上校負責押運大量的軍火,糧草和行李在後面隨行。逃來的士兵並沒有受到敵人的追襲,但是他們給丹巴上校和他的部隊帶來了恐慌,這種恐慌使得他們方寸大亂。雖然他們現在還有1000多人,而在叢林中伏擊布萊德多克將軍的敵軍包括印第安人和法國人,總共加在一起也不會超過400多人。但丹巴上校不但不敢向前進軍,轉敗為勝,反而命令軍隊把全部的糧秣輜重等物加以銷毀,免受拖累,以便獲得更多的馬匹幫他逃回殖民地。當時他還答應了維吉尼亞、馬裡蘭和賓西法尼亞州的州長們的要求,要把軍隊駐紮在邊境上以便保衛居民;但是他卻一直倉皇後退,直到退到費城,感覺到那裡的居民能夠確保他的安全。這整件事首先打破了英國正規軍在美洲殖民地人民心目中勇敢無敵的光輝形象。人們意識到,以前對他們推崇備至的做法是毫無根據的。

    24在他們第一次行軍時,從他們登陸到他們到達殖民地為止,他們一路搶劫擄掠所經過的村莊,無惡不作,害得某些窮苦的家庭破產了,而假如他們膽敢反抗,則侮辱虐待和幽禁加倍地接踵而至。假如我們需要保護者保護的話,那這件事就足夠使我們對所謂的保衛者厭惡至極。這與我們法國友人的行為是多麼不同呀!他們1781年從羅德艾蘭島到維吉尼亞州去,經過我們我們州的人口最為稠密的地方,全程達700英里之長。但是他們所經過的地方,老百姓沒有因為丟失豬啊、雞啊,甚至蘋果等任何細小的東西而抱怨,他們對沿路的居民真是做到了秋毫無犯。

    25那位將軍的一個副官歐姆上尉受了重傷,他跟將軍一起被救了出來,並且一直和將軍住在一起,直到幾天後將軍去世為止。歐姆上尉對我說:「將軍在第一天裡沉默了一整天,直到晚上才說了一句,『誰會想得到呢?』然後在接下來的幾天裡繼續沉默,直到去世前的幾分鐘裡才說了最後一句話:『下一次,我們就知道該如何收拾他們了。』」

    26秘書的文件包括將軍的全部命令,訓令和通信,這些全部落入了敵人之手,他們挑選了幾件,並翻成了法文,印了出來,證明英國人在宣戰前對法國已經有敵意了。在這些發表的文件中,我看見幾封將軍寫給內閣的信,信中對我向他的軍隊提供周到服務讚譽備至,並請他們注意我。幾年後,當赫特福德領主任法國大使時,大衛·休姆做過他的秘書,後來他又在康威將軍任國務大臣時做了康威將軍的秘書,他也說他在國務大臣的檔案中看到了布萊德多克將軍極力推薦我的信件。但因為這次出征的失利,人們大概認為我的協助也沒有什麼價值,因而這些推薦對我從未發生過什麼作用。

    27對將軍本人,我只要求一個回報,那就是請他命令他的部下不要再徵募我們跟他訂立合同的奴僕,已經徵募的請他釋放。這件事他很快地答應了。有幾個訂立了合同的奴僕,經過我的申請,重新歸還他們的主人。軍權被丹巴接手後,丹巴就不那麼乾脆了。當他退卻逃跑到費城時,我請他釋放蘭從開斯特3個窮苦農民家徵募的僕人,同時提醒他已故將軍有這方面的命令。他向我保證,他的軍隊就要開到紐約去了,幾天之後他將在特倫頓停留,如果這些主人到特倫頓去找他,他在那裡會把他們的僕人還給他們。於是這些農民就湊足了路費,不辭辛苦地趕到特倫頓去,到了那裡,丹巴卻拒絕了履行他的諾言,使他們大失所望,而且白白浪費一通路費。

    28等到關於車輛和馬匹損失的消息普遍傳開以後,所有的主顧都向我索取由我作保的賠償費。他們的要求使我大傷腦筋,我告訴他們賠償的款項已經在軍需官的手中了,但是付款的命令必須來自薛力將軍,我向他們保證說我已經向薛力將軍發出了賠償申請,但是因為他在很遠的地方,我們不能立即得到回復,因此必須要有耐心。但是,這番話還是不能滿足大家的要求,有的人已經開始向我提出訴訟了。最後薛力將軍終於把我從這可怕的處境中拯救出來了,他委派了幾個委員來審查各人的要求,並支付賠款。賠款總數已達2萬鎊之巨,如果這一切都要我來承擔的話,我非破產不可了!

    29在我們接到失敗的消息之前,有兩位邦德醫生帶著募捐冊來向我募捐,以便集資舉辦一次盛大的焰火晚會,準備在我們收到攻下杜肯堡的捷報之後狂歡慶祝。我表情嚴肅地告訴他們說,我認為當我們收到了確切的消息以後,需要舉行狂歡慶祝時再來籌備也不遲。對於我沒有立即贊同他們的建議,他們表現得很驚訝,其中一個人說:「呀,你總不會認為我們連這樣的炮台都攻不下吧?!」「我並不認為我們攻不下,但是勝敗很難預測呀。」接著我就告訴他們我之所以懷疑的理由,募捐也就此作罷,因而,他們總算躲過了一場讓他們懊惱的事。如果他們買了煙火,他們定會悔恨交加的!後來在另一個場合,邦德醫生說他不喜歡富蘭克林的不好的預感。

    30在布萊德多克將軍失敗之前,莫裡斯州長不斷地跟議會摩擦,一個咨文接一個咨文地宣讀,企圖迫使州議會通過州防備經費的法案而免征地主的財產稅,他否決了州議會所有的議案,因為它們沒有免除徵收地主財產稅的條款。現在危險更大了,加強州的防備的需要也更迫切了,所以他加緊向州議會施加壓力,這樣一來,他達到目的的希望也越來越大了。但是州議會還是堅定不移,因為他們相信正義是屬於他們的,如果他們讓州長修改他們的財政法案,他們的權利無疑將受到嚴重的侵犯。

    31在最後一批議案中有個議案,撥款5萬鎊,的確州長建議只改動一個字,原來的議案說:「一切動產和不動產都得徵稅,地主的財產亦然,」州長把「亦」改成了「不」字,修改雖然不多,但意義卻有很大的變化。我們一直把州議會對州長咨文的答覆寄給我們英國的朋友。當軍事失利的消息傳到英國後,這些朋友就嘩然了,指責地主們不應該對他們的州長發出這樣卑鄙的不公正的咨文?既然他們阻礙了州防備,那他們就沒有權力再管理殖民地事情了。州長們考慮到輿論的壓力,就命令他們的財務總管從稅收入中撥出5000鎊,也不管州議會在這個目的上通過多大數目的經費。

    32這樣,接到這樣的通知後,州議會就接受了這5000鎊作為他們應繳捐稅的代金,接著他們就提出了一個新的議案,附有免稅條款,於是議案就被通過了。根據這個法案,我是處理該項經費的委員之一,撥款總額共有6萬鎊。我一度積極參與了這項議案的起草工作,並積極使得它獲得通過。同時,我起草了一個建立和訓練志願者民兵的議案,並且在議會中很容易地獲得了通過,因為在議案中我小心地保留了教友會的自由。為了促進和民兵的必要的聯繫,我寫了一篇對話錄,盡我所能想到的一切關於反對民兵和駁斥民兵的觀點都給予答覆和解釋,這篇對話錄被印了出來,並且如我所想的,產生了巨大的反響。

    33當城市和鄉村的幾個民兵聯隊已經開始訓練的時候,州長請我去辦理西北部的邊防,修建一系列炮台來保衛當地的居民,因為那裡經常有敵人出沒。我承擔了這項軍事任務,儘管我不堅信我自己就一定勝任這個職務。他給了我全權的委任狀,給我一包空白的軍官委任狀,只要我覺得合適就可以頒發給任何人。招募志願者我倒是沒有什麼困難,不久我就招募了560多人,全歸我統帥。我的兒子,他曾經在對加拿大的戰役中做過軍官,是我一個得力的助手,並且幫了我很大的忙。印第安人已經焚燬了哥納登荷,一個兄弟派的教友會建立的村落,他們屠殺了那裡的居民;這個地方,我認為是個建立炮台的理想位置。

    34為了向那裡進軍,我在伯利恆齊集了部隊,伯利恆是弟兄派教友的主要所在地。我非常驚奇地發現伯利恆的防禦工事是做得如此的好,也許是哥那登荷的破壞使得他們預防陷入危險吧。這個地方的房屋都是用柵欄圍起來的,他們還從紐約購買了質地精良的武器設備,在他們高大的石頭房子的窗戶內他們還堆放了一些石頭,以便在印第安人襲擊他們的時候,他們的婦女們可以向那些入侵者扔石頭。武裝了起來的教友們也保持安全警戒,他們也像其他駐防城市的守備隊一樣,有條不紊地輪班看守,交替休息。跟他們主教施邦蓋博談話的時候,我提到了我對這裡防禦情況的驚訝,因為,我清楚他們獲得過議會的特許,不用在他們的殖民地服軍役,我原以為他們是十分真誠地反對當兵的呢,但現實情景好像並不是這樣。他回答我說,反對服兵役並不是他們的既定的教規之一,但是在那時卻獲得了議會的特許,所以人們就把這條看作他們中的大多數人的信仰。然而在這次的事件當中,使人們感到大為驚奇的是,他們中很少有人堅持這一原則。這樣看起來,好像他們有點自欺欺人,或者他們騙過了州議會;但不管怎麼說,眼前的危機和常識或許能解釋這樣反覆無常的念頭。

    35在1月初,我們就開始著手修建炮台了。我派了一個特遣隊到明尼斯克去,在那裡的一個高地上修建一個保衛安全的炮台,接著又派了一支到較低的地方修建炮台;隨後我自己帶著其餘的人馬向哥那登荷前進,那個地方實在需要修建一個炮台。那些弟兄派的教友們就替我們準備了5輛馬車來運我們的工具,食物和行李等東西。

    36就在我們要從伯利恆出發的時候,有11個農民跑來找我們,他們剛被印第安人從農場上趕了出來,因此他們請求我們能給他們一些火藥武器,以便他們能夠從印第安人那裡奪回牲口。我給了他們每人1枝槍和一些火藥。我們還沒走幾里路,天就開始下起雨來了。而且持續下了一整天;路上我們也沒有什麼躲雨的地方,直到快到晚上的時候我們來到一個德國農民的家裡,在他們家的穀倉裡,我們擠作一團,渾身上下沒一處是乾的,就像水裡撈出來的一樣。還好我們一路上都沒遭遇敵人的進攻,因為我們的武器十分簡陋,而且我們的士兵都不知道怎麼樣才能讓槍桿保持乾燥。印第安人有個獨特的辦法保持槍械的乾燥,而我們卻沒有。當天,我們前面提到的那11個可憐的農民和印第安人遭遇了,他們中有10個被殺了,只有一個人僥倖逃了出來,那個人告訴我們他們的槍被雨淋濕後開不了火,他和他的同伴們因此吃了大虧。

    37第二天天晴了,我們繼續我們的行軍,不久就到達了寸草不生的哥那登荷。那裡有個鋸木廠,在它附近還剩了幾堆木頭,我們就用它們搭建了我們簡易的兵營;在這樣嚴酷的季節裡建些房屋是十分必要的,因為我們沒有帳篷。我們要做的第一件事就是妥善地安葬那些死者,以前人們總是草草地掩埋他們的。

    38第二天上午,我們就為修建炮台指定了一個計劃,並且開始付諸行動,我們選擇了一個炮基,這個炮基需要長450英尺,這就需要455根緊密排列的柵欄,每根柵欄由直徑一英尺的樹幹製成。我們共有70把斧頭,立即開始了伐木工作,我們的士兵都是伐木高手,所以伐木的速度非常快。看到伐木的速度是如此之快,當兩個士兵開始砍一棵松樹的時候我不禁好奇的掏出表來看,不到6分鐘他們便把樹伐倒了,我發現那棵樹的直徑有14英吋,每棵松樹都可作成3根18英尺長的柵欄,柵欄的一端削尖。當我們的伐木工作進行時,其他的士兵擠在四周挖掘了3英尺深的壕溝,以便把柵欄插入土中。我們把馬車的車身拆了下來,拔掉連接前後兩段轅桿的釘子,把前後輪分開,這樣一來,我們就有了10輛馬車了,每輛有兩匹馬拖拉,把柵欄從森林運到工地上來。當柵欄打牢以後,我們的木工沿著柵欄用木板建了個搭腳,離地大概有6英尺高,以備士兵站在上面從槍眼處向外射擊。我們還有一門旋轉大炮,我們可以調整他的角度,當它被安裝起來我們就開了炮,目的是讓印第安人知道,假如他們有人在附近聽到了的話,我們有這樣的裝備了。這炮台,假如可以這樣稱呼的話,如此雄偉的名字配上如此簡陋的柵欄在一星期之內終於完工了,雖然每隔一天就傾盆大雨,使得士兵們無法進行工作。

    39這給我提供了一個觀察的機會,當人們工作的時候,他們的狀態非常好,在他們工作的時間裡,他們性格溫和心情愉快,而且意識到自己做好了一天的工作,在晚上他們就過得相當舒暢;但是當他們整天無所事事時,他們就會桀傲不馴,爭吵不休,挑剔他們的伙食等等,這就使我想起一個船長的笑話來了,他有個規則就是他總是使他的水手們不斷地工作著,有一次他的副手跑來告訴他說所有的工作全部做完了,還有什麼事讓他們做沒有,這船長說:「哦,讓他們去刷洗錨吧。」

    40這種炮台,儘管很簡陋,但是對付沒有大炮的印第安人,已經是綽綽有餘了。因為我們已經有一個安全據點了,這樣我們萬一碰到情況就有了一個退守的地方,因此我們就結伴搜索附近的地區。我們沒有遇到印第安人,但是我們發現了附近一個山頭上他們窺視我們的一個場所,這些地方有個巧妙的裝置,值得一提。因為在冬天,烤火對他們來說是十分必要的,但是普通的火堆是生在地面上的,因此當生火的時候在遠處的人們就會很容易發現他們。他們於是就撅了一個洞,深3英尺,直徑也是3英尺;我們可以看得出他們用斧頭從森林裡燒焦的木頭上砍下木炭,把這些木炭放在洞底生火,我們還看得出來他們躺在地洞四周草地上烤火的痕跡他們的腿應當是伸進洞裡保持腳板溫暖的,保持膠版溫暖對他們來說是十分重要的。用這種方式生出來的火,人們發現不了他們,因為看不見火光,火焰,火星甚至煙都看不見。看來他們的人數不是很多,因而看到我們這麼多人,也不好對我們採取貿然的襲擊。

    41我們軍中有個熱心的長老會牧師稗逖先生,他向我抱怨說這些士兵都不來參加祈禱,也不來聽他的勸勉。當他們應徵的時候,他們曾被允諾,除了餉銀和伙食以外,他們每天還可得到1吉耳的朗母酒,每天都會按時發給他們,一半在上午,另一半在晚上發;發酒的時候大家都會按時來。聽到這裡,我就對稗逖先生說:「作為一個牧師,要你去管理朗母酒有點屈就你的尊駕了,但是您如果等到祈禱完畢後再發酒,他們都會來的。」他覺得這樣不錯,於是就接受了這一職位。有幾個人幫他倒酒,這件事進展得相當令人滿意,祈禱會從未有人缺席,而且比以往更守時了;因此我想,與其用軍法懲治那些不參加禮拜儀式的人倒不如用這種方法引導他們更好。

    42幾乎我一完成這邊的工作,剛把炮台裡的糧秣等東西儲存好,就收到了州長的來信。在信中,州長說他已經召集了州議會,假如邊境的形式不再需要我操心的話,就要我去參加會議。我在州議會的朋友們也來信叫我回去參加會議,假如可能的話。現在我3個主要的炮台修建工作都已經竣工了,人們也可以在炮台的保護下安心地在自己的農場裡工作了,因此,我就決定回去。更使人高興的是,來了一個新英格蘭軍官,克拉彭上校,與印第安人作戰十分有經驗,碰巧來訪問我們的據點,他也願意接受這一職務。因此,我就頒給了他一份委任狀,在檢閱駐軍時,我向他們宣讀了這一委任狀,並且把他介紹給了全體士兵,他在軍事上的豐富技巧和經驗,使我認為他比我更適合這個長官的職位。對士兵們講了幾句勸勉的話以後,我就離開了。他們護送我到伯利恆,我在那裡小住了幾天,以便緩解我所經歷的勞頓。第一天晚上,我躺在舒適的床上,難以入睡,因為這與在哥那登荷裹著一兩條毯子睡在木屋裡的地板上有著天壤之別啊。

    43在伯利恆逗留期間,我稍稍瞭解了一下弟兄會教友的情況,他們也派了些人來陪同我,他們對我都非常好。我發現他們實行共產,一起吃飯,一起住集體宿舍。我在宿舍裡看到在靠近天花板的牆上每隔一定的距離就開一個氣孔,我想這些氣孔應該是用來流通空氣的。我到了他們的教堂,在那裡我聽了美妙的音樂,他們用提琴、蕭、橫笛、豎琴等樂器同風琴一起演奏。我也瞭解到他們講道不像我們通常講道,面對所有類型的觀眾,男人了,婦女了,孩子了等等;但他們的集會是分開來的,有時是面對已婚的男人,有時是面對他們的妻子,有時是年青的男子,年青的女人,還有小孩子。我曾聽他們向小孩子布道,男孩子們由他們的導師,一個青年男人領著,女孩們由一個年輕的女人領著,他們排隊進入教堂依次坐在長凳上。演講似乎很適合他們的口味,講時用的也是一種親切愉快的口吻,彷彿在哄他們做乖孩子。他們表現的非常有秩序,但是看起來臉色蒼白,不太健康,這些使我懷疑他們是不是被關在屋子裡太久了,缺乏足夠的運動。

    44我調查了一下弟兄會的婚姻情況,看看是不是真的像傳說中的那樣是由抽籤決定的,但他們告訴我,他們很少用到這一方法,通常,當一個青年男子打算結婚時,他會向他班上的長者咨詢,他又會同管理那些年輕女孩的年紀大的女士詢問。因為這些不同性別的年長的管理者對他們年輕人的脾氣性情都很熟悉,他們最能判斷誰配誰最合適,一般來說,男女雙方對他們的決定總體上還是感到滿意的。但是,假設說,假如他們認為有兩三個年輕女人都同樣適合一個青年男子,那時才使用抽籤的辦法。我反對這樣的做法,假如這樣的匹配不是雙方的相互選擇,那麼他們就會覺得很不幸福。「可是就是讓他們自己選擇」告訴我這樣情況的人說,「他們也會覺得不滿意啊。」事實上也是這樣,我也不能否定。

    Part7

    1In1754,warwithFrancebeingagainapprehended,acongressofcommissionersfromthedifferentcolonieswas,byanorderoftheLordsofTrade,tobeassembledatAlbany,theretoconferwiththechiefsoftheSixNationsconcerningthemeansofdefendingboththeircountryandours.GovernorHamilton,havingreceiv'dthisorder,acquaintedtheHousewithit,requestingtheywouldfurnishproperpresentsfortheIndians,tobegivenonthisoccasion;andnamingthespeaker(Mr.Norris)andmyselftojoinMr.ThomasPennandMr.SecretaryPetersascommissionerstoactforPennsylvania.TheHouseapprov'dthenomination,andprovidedthegoodsforthepresent,tho'theydidnotmuchliketreatingoutoftheprovince,andwemettheothercommissionersatAlbanyaboutthemiddleofJune.

    2Inourwaythither,Iprojectedanddrewaplanfortheunionofallthecoloniesunderonegovernment,sofarasmightbenecessaryfordefense,andotherimportantgeneralpurposes.Aswepass'dthro'NewYork,IhadthereshownmyprojecttoMr.JamesAlexanderandMr.Kennedy,twogentlemenofgreatknowledgeinpublicaffairs,and,beingfortifiedbytheirapprobation,Iventur'dtolayitbeforetheCongress.Itthenappearedthatseveralofthecommissionershadform'dplansofthesamekind.Apreviousquestionwasfirsttaken,whetheraunionshouldbeestablished,whichpass'dintheaffirmativeunanimously.Acommitteewasthenappointed,onememberfromeachcolony,toconsidertheseveralplansandreport.Minehappen'dtobepreferr'd,and,withafewamendments,wasaccordinglyreported.

    3Bythisplanthegeneralgovernmentwastobeadministeredbyapresident-general,appointedandsupportedbythecrown,andagrandcouncilwastobechosenbytherepresentativesofthepeopleoftheseveralcolonies,metintheirrespectiveassemblies.ThedebatesuponitinCongresswentondaily,handinhandwiththeIndianbusiness.Manyobjectionsanddifficultieswerestarted,butatlengththeywereallovercome,andtheplanwasunanimouslyagreedto,andcopiesorderedtobetransmittedtotheBoardofTradeandtotheassembliesoftheseveralprovinces.Itsfatewassingular:theassembliesdidnotadoptit,astheyallthoughttherewastoomuchprerogativeinit,andinEnglanditwasjudg'dtohavetoomuchofthedemocratic.

    4TheBoardofTradethereforedidnotapproveofit,norrecommenditfortheapprobationofhismajesty;butanotherschemewasform'd,supposedtoanswerthesamepurposebetter,wherebythegovernorsoftheprovinces,withsomemembersoftheirrespectivecouncils,weretomeetandordertheraisingoftroops,buildingofforts,etc.,andtodrawonthetreasuryofGreatBritainfortheexpense,whichwasafterwardstoberefundedbyanactofParliamentlayingataxonAmerica.Myplan,withmyreasonsinsupportofit,istobefoundamongmypoliticalpapersthatareprinted.

    5BeingthewinterfollowinginBoston,IhadmuchconversationwithGovernorShirleyuponboththeplans.Partofwhatpassedbetweenusontheoccasionmayalsobeseenamongthosepapers.Thedifferentandcontraryreasonsofdisliketomyplanmakesmesuspectthatitwasreallythetruemedium;andIamstillofopinionitwouldhavebeenhappyforbothsidesthewaterifithadbeenadopted.Thecolonies,sounited,wouldhavebeensufficientlystrongtohavedefendedthemselves;therewouldthenhavebeennoneedoftroopsfromEngland;ofcourse,thesubsequentpretencefortaxingAmerica,andthebloodycontestitoccasioned,wouldhavebeenavoided.Butsuchmistakesarenotnew;historyisfulloftheerrorsofstatesandprinces.

    Lookroundthehabitableworld,howfew

    Knowtheirowngood,or,knowingit,pursue!

    6Thosewhogovern,havingmuchbusinessontheirhands,donotgenerallyliketotakethetroubleofconsideringandcarryingintoexecutionnewprojects.Thebestpublicmeasuresarethereforeseldomadoptedfrompreviouswisdom,butforc'dbytheoccasion.

    7TheGovernorofPennsylvania,insendingitdowntotheAssembly,express'dhisapprobationoftheplan,"asappearingtohimtobedrawnupwithgreatclearnessandstrengthofjudgment,andthereforerecommendeditaswellworthyoftheirclosestandmostseriousattention."TheHouse,however,bythemanagementofacertainmember,tookitupwhenIhappen'dtobeabsent,whichIthoughtnotveryfair,andreprobateditwithoutpayinganyattentiontoitatall,tomynosmallmortification.

    8InmyjourneytoBostonthisyear,ImetatNewYorkwithournewgovernor,Mr.Morris,justarriv'dtherefromEngland,withwhomIhadbeenbeforeintimatelyacquainted.HebroughtacommissiontosupersedeMr.Hamilton,who,tir'dwiththedisputeshisproprietaryinstructionssubjectedhimto,hadresign'd.Mr.Morrisask'dmeifIthoughthemustexpectasuncomfortableanadministration.Isaid,"No;youmay,onthecontrary,haveaverycomfortableone,ifyouwillonlytakecarenottoenterintoanydisputewiththeAssembly.""Mydearfriend,"sayshe,pleasantly,"howcanyouadvisemyavoidingdisputes?YouknowIlovedisputing;itisoneofmygreatestpleasures;however,toshowtheregardIhaveforyourcounsel,IpromiseyouIwill,ifpossible,avoidthem."Hehadsomereasonforlovingtodispute,beingeloquent,anacutesophister,and,therefore,generallysuccessfulinargumentativeconversation.Hehadbeenbroughtuptoitfromaboy,hisfather,asIhaveheard,accustominghischildrentodisputewithoneanotherforhisdiversion,whilesittingattableafterdinner;butIthinkthepracticewasnotwise;for,inthecourseofmyobservation,thesedisputing,contradicting,andconfutingpeoplearegenerallyunfortunateintheiraffairs.Theygetvictorysometimes,buttheynevergetgoodwill,whichwouldbeofmoreusetothem.Weparted,hegoingtoPhiladelphia,andItoBoston.

    9Inreturning,ImetatNewYorkwiththevotesoftheAssembly,bywhichitappear'dthat,notwithstandinghispromisetome,heandtheHousewerealreadyinhighcontention;anditwasacontinualbattlebetweenthemaslongasheretain'dthegovernment.Ihadmyshareofit;for,assoonasIgotbacktomyseatintheAssembly,Iwasputoneverycommitteeforansweringhisspeechesandmessages,andbythecommitteesalwaysdesiredtomakethedrafts.Ouranswers,aswellashismessages,wereoftentart,andsometimesindecentlyabusive;and,asheknewIwrotefortheAssembly,onemighthaveimaginedthat,whenwemet,wecouldhardlyavoidcuttingthroats;buthewassogood-natur'damanthatnopersonaldifferencebetweenhimandmewasoccasion'dbythecontest,andweoftendin'dtogether.

    10Oneafternoon,intheheightofthispublicquarrel,wemetinthestreet."Franklin,"sayshe,"youmustgohomewithmeandspendtheevening;Iamtohavesomecompanythatyouwilllike;"and,takingmebythearm,heledmetohishouse.Ingayconversationoverourwine,aftersupper,hetoldus,jokingly,thathemuchadmir'dtheideaofSanchoPanza,who,whenitwasproposedtogivehimagovernment,requesteditmightbeagovernmentofblacks,asthen,ifhecouldnotagreewithhispeople,hemightsellthem.Oneofhisfriends,whosatnexttome,says,"Franklin,whydoyoucontinuetosidewiththesedamn'dQuakers?Hadnotyoubettersellthem?Theproprietorwouldgiveyouagoodprice.""Thegovernor,"saysI,"hasnotyetblackedthemenough."He,indeed,hadlaboredhardtoblackentheAssemblyinallhismessages,buttheywip'doffhiscoloringasfastashelaiditon,andplac'dit,inreturn,thickuponhisownface;sothat,findinghewaslikelytobenegrofiedhimself,he,aswellasMr.Hamilton,grewtir'dofthecontest,andquittedthegovernment.

    11Thesepublicquarrelswereallatbottomowingtotheproprietaries,ourhereditarygovernors,who,whenanyexpensewastobeincurredforthedefenseoftheirprovince,withincrediblemeannessinstructedtheirdeputiestopassnoactforlevyingthenecessarytaxes,unlesstheirvastestateswereinthesameactexpresslyexcused;andtheyhadeventakenbondsofthesedeputiestoobservesuchinstructions.TheAssembliesforthreeyearsheldoutagainstthisinjustice,tho'constrainedtobendatlast.AtlengthCaptainDenny,whowasGovernorMorris'ssuccessor,venturedtodisobeythoseinstructions;howthatwasbroughtaboutIshallshowhereafter.

    ButIamgotforwardtoofastwithmystory:therearestillsometransactionstobemention'dthathappenedduringtheadministrationofGovernorMorris.

    12WarbeinginamannercommencedwithFrance,thegovernmentofMassachusettsBayprojectedanattackuponCrownPoint,andsentMr.QuincytoPennsylvania,andMr.Pownall,afterwardGovernorPownall,toNewYork,tosolicitassistance.AsIwasintheAssembly,knewitstemper,andwasMr.Quincy'scountryman,heappli'dtomeformyinfluenceandassistance.Idictatedhisaddresstothem,whichwaswellreceiv'd.Theyvotedanaidof?10,000,tobelaidoutinprovisions.Butthegovernorrefusinghisassenttotheirbill(whichincludedthiswithothersumsgrantedfortheuseofthecrown),unlessaclausewereinsertedexemptingtheproprietaryestatefrombearinganypartofthetaxthatwouldbenecessary,theAssembly,tho'verydesirousofmakingtheirgranttoNewEnglandeffectual,wereatalosshowtoaccomplishit.Mr.Quincylaboredhardwiththegovernortoobtainhisassent,buthewasobstinate.

    13Ithensuggestedamethodofdoingthebusinesswithoutthegovernor,byordersonthetrusteesoftheLoanOffice,which,bylaw,theAssemblyhadtherightofdrawing.Therewas,indeed,littleornomoneyatthattimeintheoffice,andthereforeIpropos'dthattheordersshouldbepayableinayear,andtobearaninterestoffivepercent.WiththeseordersIsuppos'dtheprovisionsmighteasilybepurchas'd.TheAssembly,withverylittlehesitation,adoptedtheproposal.Theorderswereimmediatelyprinted,andIwasoneofthecommitteedirectedtosignanddisposeofthem.Thefundforpayingthemwastheinterestofallthepapercurrencythenextantintheprovinceuponloan,togetherwiththerevenuearisingfromtheexcise,whichbeingknowntobemorethansufficient,theyobtain'dinstantcredit,andwerenotonlyreceiv'dinpaymentfortheprovisions,butmanymoney'dpeople,whohadcashlyingbythem,vesteditinthoseorders,whichtheyfoundadvantageous,astheyboreinterestwhileuponhand,andmightonanyoccasionbeusedasmoney;sothattheywereeagerlyallboughtup,andinafewweeksnoneofthemweretobeseen.Thusthisimportantaffairwasbymymeanscompleated.MyQuincyreturn'dthankstotheAssemblyinahandsomememorial,wenthomehighlypleas'dwiththesuccessofhisembassy,andeverafterboreformethemostcordialandaffectionatefriendship.

    14TheBritishgovernment,notchusingtopermittheunionofthecoloniesaspropos'datAlbany,andtotrustthatunionwiththeirdefense,lesttheyshouldtherebygrowtoomilitary,andfeeltheirownstrength,suspicionsandjealousiesatthistimebeingentertain'dofthem,sentoverGeneralBraddockwithtworegimentsofregularEnglishtroopsforthatpurpose.HelandedatAlexandria,inVirginia,andthencemarch'dtoFrederictown,inMaryland,wherehehaltedforcarriages.OurAssemblyapprehending,fromsomeinformation,thathehadconceivedviolentprejudicesagainstthem,asaversetotheservice,wish'dmetowaituponhim,notasfromthem,butaspostmaster-general,undertheguiseofproposingtosettlewithhimthemodeofconductingwithmostcelerityandcertaintythedespatchesbetweenhimandthegovernorsoftheseveralprovinces,withwhomhemustnecessarilyhavecontinualcorrespondence,andofwhichtheypropos'dtopaytheexpense.Mysonaccompaniedmeonthisjourney.

    15WefoundthegeneralatFrederictown,waitingimpatientlyforthereturnofthosehehadsentthro'thebackpartsofMarylandandVirginiatocollectwaggons.Istayedwithhimseveraldays,din'dwithhimdaily,andhadfullopportunityofremovingallhisprejudices,bytheinformationofwhattheAssemblyhadbeforehisarrivalactuallydone,andwerestillwillingtodo,tofacilitatehisoperations.WhenIwasabouttodepart,thereturnsofwaggonstobeobtainedwerebroughtin,bywhichitappear'dthattheyamountedonlytotwenty-five,andnotallofthosewereinserviceablecondition.Thegeneralandalltheofficersweresurpris'd,declar'dtheexpeditionwasthenatanend,beingimpossible,andexclaim'dagainsttheministersforignorantlylandingtheminacountrydestituteofthemeansofconveyingtheirstores,baggage,etc.,notlessthanonehundredandfiftywaggonsbeingnecessary.

    16IhappenedtosayIthoughtitwasapitytheyhadnotbeenlandedratherinPennsylvania,asinthatcountryalmosteveryfarmerhadhiswaggon.Thegeneraleagerlylaidholdofmywords,andsaid,"Thenyou,sir,whoareamanofinterestthere,canprobablyprocurethemforus;andIbegyouwillundertakeit."Iask'dwhattermsweretobeoffer'dtheownersofthewaggons;andIwasdesir'dtoputonpaperthetermsthatappearedtomenecessary.ThisIdid,andtheywereagreedto,andacommissionandinstructionsaccordinglyprepar'dimmediately.WhatthosetermswerewillappearintheadvertisementIpublish'dassoonasIarriv'datLancaster,whichbeing,fromthegreatandsuddeneffectitproduc'd,apieceofsomecuriosity,Ishallinsertitatlength,asfollows:

    ADVERTISEMENT

    Lancaster,April26,1753

    Whereas,onehundredandfiftywaggons,withfourhorsestoeachwaggon,andfifteenhundredsaddleorpackhorses,arewantedfortheserviceofhismajesty'sforcesnowabouttorendezvousatWill'sCreek,andhisexcellencyGeneralBraddockhavingbeenpleasedtoempowermetocontractforthehireofthesame,IherebygivenoticethatIshallattendforthatpurposeatLancasterfromthisdaytonextWednesdayevening,andatYorkfromnextThursdaymorningtillFridayevening,whereIshallbereadytoagreeforwaggonsandteams,orsinglehorses,onthefollowingterms,viz.:I.Thatthereshallbepaidforeachwaggon,withfourgoodhorsesandadriver,fifteenshillingsperdiem;andforeachablehorsewithapack-saddle,orothersaddleandfurniture,twoshillingsperdiem;andforeachablehorsewithoutasaddle,eighteenpenceperdiem.2.ThatthepaycommencefromthetimeoftheirjoiningtheforcesatWill'sCreek,whichmustbeonorbeforethe20thofMayensuing,andthatareasonableallowancebepaidoverandaboveforthetimenecessaryfortheirtravellingtoWill'sCreekandhomeagainaftertheirdischarge.3.Eachwaggonandteam,andeverysaddleorpackhorse,istobevaluedbyindifferentpersonschosenbetweenmeandtheowner;andincaseofthelossofanywaggon,team,orotherhorseintheservice,thepriceaccordingtosuchvaluationistobeallowedandpaid.4.Sevendays'payistobeadvancedandpaidinhandbymetotheownerofeachwaggonandteam,orhorse,atthetimeofcontracting,ifrequired,andtheremaindertobepaidbyGeneralBraddock,orbythepaymasterofthearmy,atthetimeoftheirdischarge,orfromtimetotime,asitshallbedemanded.5.Nodriversofwaggons,orpersonstakingcareofthehiredhorses,areonanyaccounttobecalledupontodothedutyofsoldiers,orbeotherwiseemployedthaninconductingortakingcareoftheircarriagesorhorses.6.Alloats,Indiancorn,orotherforagethatwaggonsorhorsesbringtothecamp,morethanisnecessaryforthesubsistenceofthehorses,istobetakenfortheuseofthearmy,andareasonablepricepaidforthesame.

    Note.—Myson,WilliamFranklin,isempoweredtoenterintolikecontractswithanypersoninCumberlandcounty.

    B.FRANKLIN.

    TotheinhabitantsoftheCountiesofLancaster,YorkandCumberland.

    FriendsandCountrymen,

    BeingoccasionallyatthecampatFredericafewdayssince,Ifoundthegeneralandofficersextremelyexasperatedonaccountoftheirnotbeingsuppliedwithhorsesandcarriages,whichhadbeenexpectedfromthisprovince,asmostabletofurnishthem;but,throughthedissensionsbetweenourgovernorandAssembly,moneyhadnotbeenprovided,noranystepstakenforthatpurpose.

    Itwasproposedtosendanarmedforceimmediatelyintothesecounties,toseizeasmanyofthebestcarriagesandhorsesasshouldbewanted,andcompelasmanypersonsintotheserviceaswouldbenecessarytodriveandtakecareofthem.

    IapprehendedthattheprogressofBritishsoldiersthroughthesecountiesonsuchanoccasion,especiallyconsideringthetempertheyarein,andtheirresentmentagainstus,wouldbeattendedwithmanyandgreatinconveniencestotheinhabitants,andthereforemorewillinglytookthetroubleoftryingfirstwhatmightbedonebyfairandequitablemeans.ThepeopleofthesebackcountieshavelatelycomplainedtotheAssemblythatasufficientcurrencywaswanting;youhaveanopportunityofreceivinganddividingamongyouaveryconsiderablesum;for,iftheserviceofthisexpeditionshouldcontinue,asitismorethanprobableitwill,foronehundredandtwentydays,thehireofthesewaggonsandhorseswillamounttoupwardof?30,000,whichwillbepaidyouinsilverandgoldoftheking'smoney.

    Theservicewillbelightandeasy,forthearmywillscarcemarchabovetwelvemilesperday,andthewaggonsandbaggage-horses,astheycarrythosethingsthatareabsolutelynecessarytothewelfareofthearmy,mustmarchwiththearmy,andnofaster;andare,forthearmy'ssake,alwaysplacedwheretheycanbemostsecure,whetherinamarchorinacamp.

    Ifyouarereally,asIbelieveyouare,goodandloyalsubjectstohismajesty,youmaynowdoamostacceptableservice,andmakeiteasytoyourselves;forthreeorfourofsuchascannotseparatelysparefromthebusinessoftheirplantationsawaggonandfourhorsesandadriver,maydoittogether,onefurnishingthewaggon,anotheroneortwohorses,andanotherthedriver,anddividethepayproportionatelybetweenyou;butifyoudonotthisservicetoyourkingandcountryvoluntarily,whensuchgoodpayandreasonabletermsareofferedtoyou,yourloyaltywillbestronglysuspected.Theking'sbusinessmustbedone;somanybravetroops,comesofarforyourdefense,mustnotstandidlethroughyourbackwardnesstodowhatmaybereasonablyexpectedfromyou;waggonsandhorsesmustbehad;violentmeasureswillprobablybeused,andyouwillbelefttoseekforarecompensewhereyoucanfindit,andyourcase,perhaps,belittlepitiedorregarded.

    Ihavenoparticularinterestinthisaffair,as,exceptthesatisfactionofendeavoringtodogood,Ishallhaveonlymylabourformypains.Ifthismethodofobtainingthewaggonsandhorsesisnotlikelytosucceed,Iamobligedtosendwordtothegeneralinfourteendays;andIsupposeSirJohnSt.Clair,thehussar,withabodyofsoldiers,willimmediatelyentertheprovinceforthepurpose,whichIshallbesorrytohear,becauseIamverysincerelyandtruly

    Yourfriendandwell-wisher.

    B.FRANKLIN.

    17Ireceivedofthegeneralabout?800,tobedisbursedinadvance-moneytothewaggonowners,etc.;but,thatsumbeinginsufficient,Iadvanc'dupwardof?200more,andintwoweekstheonehundredandfiftywaggons,withtwohundredandfifty-ninecarryinghorses,wereontheirmarchforthecamp.Theadvertisementpromisedpaymentaccordingtothevaluation,incaseanywaggonorhorseshouldbelost.Theowners,however,allegingtheydidnotknowGeneralBraddock,orwhatdependencemightbehadonhispromise,insistedonmybondfortheperformance,whichIaccordinglygavethem.

    18WhileIwasatthecamp,suppingoneeveningwiththeofficersofColonelDunbar'sregiment,herepresentedtomehisconcernforthesubalterns,who,hesaid,weregenerallynotinaffluence,andcouldillafford,inthisdearcountry,tolayinthestoresthatmightbenecessaryinsolongamarch,thro'awilderness,wherenothingwastobepurchas'd.Icommiseratedtheircase,andresolvedtoendeavorprocuringthemsomerelief.Isaidnothing,however,tohimofmyintention,butwrotethenextmorningtothecommitteeoftheAssembly,whohadthedispositionofsomepublicmoney,warmlyrecommendingthecaseoftheseofficerstotheirconsideration,andproposingthatapresentshouldbesentthemofnecessariesandrefreshments.Myson,whohadsomeexperienceofacamplife,andofitswants,drewupalistforme,whichIenclos'dinmyletter.Thecommitteeapprov'd,andusedsuchdiligencethat,conductedbymyson,thestoresarrivedatthecampassoonasthewaggons.Theyconsistedoftwentyparcels,eachcontaining

    6lbs.loafsugar.6lbs.goodMuscovadodo.

    1lb.goodgreentea.1lb.goodboheado.

    6lbs.goodgroundcoffee.6lbs.chocolate.

    1/2cwt.bestwhitebiscuit.1/2lb.pepper.

    1quartbestwhitewinevinegar.1Gloucestercheese.

    1kegcontaining20lbs.goodbutter.2doz.oldMadeirawine.

    2gallonsJamaicaspirits.1bottleflourofmustard.

    2well-cur'dhams.1/2dozendry'dtongues.

    6lbs.rice.6lbs.raisins.

    19Thesetwentyparcels,wellpack'd,wereplacedonasmanyhorses,eachparcel,withthehorse,beingintendedasapresentforoneofficer.Theywereverythankfullyreceiv'd,andthekindnessacknowledg'dbyletterstomefromthecolonelsofbothregiments,inthemostgratefulterms.Thegeneral,too,washighlysatisfiedwithmyconductinprocuringhimthewaggons,etc.,andreadilypaidmyaccountofdisbursements,thankingmerepeatedly,andrequestingmyfartherassistanceinsendingprovisionsafterhim.Iundertookthisalso,andwasbusilyemploy'dinittillweheardofhisdefeat,advancingfortheserviceofmyownmoney,upwardsof?1000sterling,ofwhichIsenthimanaccount.Itcametohishands,luckilyforme,afewdaysbeforethebattle,andhereturn'dmeimmediatelyanorderonthepaymasterfortheroundsumof?1,000,leavingtheremaindertothenextaccount.Iconsiderthispaymentasgoodluck,havingneverbeenabletoobtainthatremainder,ofwhichmorehereafter.

    20Thisgeneralwas,Ithink,abraveman,andmightprobablyhavemadeafigureasagoodofficerinsomeEuropeanwar.Buthehadtoomuchself-confidence,toohighanopinionofthevalidityofregulartroops,andtoomeanaoneofbothAmericansandIndians.GeorgeCroghan,ourIndianinterpreter,join'dhimonhismarchwithonehundredofthosepeople,whomighthavebeenofgreatusetohisarmyasguides,scouts,etc.,ifhehadtreatedthemkindly;butheslightedandneglectedthem,andtheygraduallylefthim.

    21Inconversationwithhimoneday,hewasgivingmesomeaccountofhisintendedprogress."AftertakingFortDuquesne,"sayshe,"IamtoproceedtoNiagara;and,havingtakenthat,toFrontenac,iftheseasonwillallowtime;andIsupposeitwill,forDuquesnecanhardlydetainmeabovethreeorfourdays;andthenIseenothingthatcanobstructmymarchtoNiagara."Havingbeforerevolv'dinmymindthelonglinehisarmymustmakeintheirmarchbyaverynarrowroad,tobecutforthemthro'thewoodsandbushes,andalsowhatIhadreadofaformerdefeatoffifteenhundredFrench,whoinvadedtheIroquoiscountry,Ihadconceiv'dsomedoubtsandsomefearsfortheeventofthecampaign.ButIventur'donlytosay,"Tobesure,sir,ifyouarrivewellbeforeDuquesne,withthesefinetroops,sowellprovidedwithartillery,thatplacenotyetcompleatlyfortified,andaswehearwithnoverystronggarrison,canprobablymakebutashortresistance.TheonlydangerIapprehendofobstructiontoyourmarchisfromambuscadesofIndians,who,byconstantpractice,aredexterousinlayingandexecutingthem;andtheslenderline,nearfourmileslong,whichyourarmymustmake,mayexposeittobeattack'dbysurpriseinitsflanks,andtobecutlikeathreadintoseveralpieces,which,fromtheirdistance,cannotcomeupintimetosupporteachother."

    22Hesmil'datmyignorance,andreply'd,"Thesesavagesmay,indeed,beaformidableenemytoyourrawAmericanmilitia,butupontheking'sregularanddisciplin'dtroops,sir,itisimpossibletheyshouldmakeanyimpression."Iwasconsciousofanimproprietyinmydisputingwithamilitarymaninmattersofhisprofession,andsaidnomore.Theenemy,however,didnottaketheadvantageofhisarmywhichIapprehendeditslonglineofmarchexpos'ditto,butletitadvancewithoutinterruptiontillwithinninemilesoftheplace;andthen,whenmoreinabody(forithadjustpassedariver,wherethefronthadhaltedtillallwerecomeover),andinamoreopenpartofthewoodsthananyithadpass'd,attack'ditsadvancedguardbyaheavyfirefrombehindtreesandbushes,whichwasthefirstintelligencethegeneralhadofanenemy'sbeingnearhim.Thisguardbeingdisordered,thegeneralhurriedthetroopsuptotheirassistance,whichwasdoneingreatconfusion,thro'waggons,baggage,andcattle;andpresentlythefirecameupontheirflank:theofficers,beingonhorseback,weremoreeasilydistinguish'd,pick'doutasmarks,andfellveryfast;andthesoldierswerecrowdedtogetherinahuddle,havingorhearingnoorders,andstandingtobeshotattilltwo-thirdsofthemwerekilled;andthen,beingseiz'dwithapanick,thewholefledwithprecipitation.

    23Thewaggonerstookeachahorseoutofhisteamandscamper'd;theirexamplewasimmediatelyfollowedbyothers;sothatallthewaggons,provisions,artillery,andstoreswerelefttotheenemy.Thegeneral,beingwounded,wasbroughtoffwithdifficulty;hissecretary,Mr.Shirley,waskilledbyhisside;andoutofeighty-sixofficers,sixty-threewerekilledorwounded,andsevenhundredandfourteenmenkilledoutofelevenhundred.Theseelevenhundredhadbeenpickedmenfromthewholearmy;theresthadbeenleftbehindwithColonelDunbar,whowastofollowwiththeheavierpartofthestores,provisions,andbaggage.Theflyers,notbeingpursu'd,arriv'datDunbar'scamp,andthepanicktheybroughtwiththeminstantlyseiz'dhimandallhispeople;and,tho'hehadnowaboveonethousandmen,andtheenemywhobadbeatenBraddockdidnotatmostexceedfourhundredIndiansandFrenchtogether,insteadofproceeding,andendeavoringtorecoversomeofthelosthonour,heorderedallthestores,ammunition,etc.,tobedestroy'd,thathemighthavemorehorsestoassisthisflighttowardsthesettlements,andlesslumbertoremove.HewastheremetwithrequestsfromthegovernorsofVirginia,Maryland,andPennsylvania,thathewouldposthistroopsonthefrontiers,soastoaffordsomeprotectiontotheinhabitants;buthecontinu'dhishastymarchthro'allthecountry,notthinkinghimselfsafetillhearriv'datPhiladelphia,wheretheinhabitantscouldprotecthim.ThiswholetransactiongaveusAmericansthefirstsuspicionthatourexaltedideasoftheprowessofBritishregularshadnotbeenwellfounded.

    24Intheirfirstmarch,too,fromtheirlandingtilltheygotbeyondthesettlements,theyhadplunderedandstrippedtheinhabitants,totallyruiningsomepoorfamilies,besidesinsulting,abusing,andconfiningthepeopleiftheyremonstrated.Thiswasenoughtoputusoutofconceitofsuchdefenders,ifwehadreallywantedany.HowdifferentwastheconductofourFrenchfriendsin1781,who,duringamarchthro'themostinhabitedpartofourcountryfromRhodeIslandtoVirginia,nearsevenhundredmiles,occasionednotthesmallestcomplaintforthelossofapig,achicken,orevenanapple.

    25CaptainOrme,whowasoneofthegeneral'saids-de-camp,and,beinggrievouslywounded,wasbroughtoffwithhim,andcontinu'dwithhimtohisdeath,whichhappen'dinafewdays,toldmethathewastotallysilentallthefirstday,andatnightonlysaid,"Whowouldhavethoughtit?"Thathewassilentagainthefollowingday,sayingonlyatlast,"Weshallbetterknowhowtodealwiththemanothertime;"anddy'dinafewminutesafter.

    26Thesecretary'spapers,withallthegeneral'sorders,instructions,andcorrespondence,fallingintotheenemy'shands,theyselectedandtranslatedintoFrenchanumberofthearticles,whichtheyprinted,toprovethehostileintentionsoftheBritishcourtbeforethedeclarationofwar.AmongtheseIsawsomelettersofthegeneraltotheministry,speakinghighlyofthegreatserviceIhadrenderedthearmy,andrecommendingmetotheirnotice.DavidHume,too,whowassomeyearsaftersecretarytoLordHertford,whenministerinFrance,andafterwardtoGeneralConway,whensecretaryofstate,toldmehehadseenamongthepapersinthatoffice,lettersfromBraddockhighlyrecommendingme.But,theexpeditionhavingbeenunfortunate,myservice,itseems,wasnotthoughtofmuchvalue,forthoserecommendationswereneverofanyusetome.

    27Astorewardsfromhimself,Iask'donlyone,whichwas,thathewouldgiveorderstohisofficersnottoenlistanymoreofourboughtservants,andthathewoulddischargesuchashadbeenalreadyenlisted.Thishereadilygranted,andseveralwereaccordinglyreturn'dtotheirmasters,onmyapplication.Dunbar,whenthecommanddevolv'donhim,wasnotsogenerous.HebeingatPhiladelphia,onhisretreat,orratherflight,Iapply'dtohimforthedischargeoftheservantsofthreepoorfarmersofLancastercountythathehadenlisted,remindinghimofthelategeneral'sordersonthatbead.Hepromisedmethat,ifthemasterswouldcometohimatTrenton,whereheshouldbeinafewdaysonhismarchtoNewYork,hewouldtheredelivertheirmentothem.TheyaccordinglywereattheexpenseandtroubleofgoingtoTrenton,andthereherefus'dtoperformhispromise,totheirgreatlossanddisappointment.

    28Assoonasthelossofthewaggonsandhorseswasgenerallyknown,alltheownerscameuponmeforthevaluationwhichIhadgivenbondtopay.Theirdemandsgavemeagreatdealoftrouble,myacquaintingthemthatthemoneywasreadyinthepaymaster'shands,butthatordersforpayingitmustfirstbeobtainedfromGeneralShirley,andmyassuringthemthatIhadapply'dtothatgeneralbyletter;but,hebeingatadistance,ananswercouldnotsoonbereceiv'd,andtheymusthavepatience,allthiswasnotsufficienttosatisfy,andsomebegantosueme.GeneralShirleyatlengthrelievedmefromthisterriblesituationbyappointingcommissionerstoexaminetheclaims,andorderingpayment.Theyamountedtonear?20,000,whichtopaywouldhaveruinedme.

    29Beforewehadthenewsofthisdefeat,thetwoDoctorsBondcametomewithasubscriptionpaperforraisingmoneytodefraytheexpenseofagrandfirework,whichitwasintendedtoexhibitatarejoicingonreceiptofthenewsofourtakingFortDuquesne.Ilookedgrave,andsaiditwould,Ithought,betimeenoughtopreparefortherejoicingwhenweknewweshouldhaveoccasiontorejoice.Theyseem'dsurpris'dthatIdidnotimmediatelycomplywiththeirproposal."Whythed—l!"saysoneofthem,"yousurelydon'tsupposethatthefortwillnotbetaken?""Idon'tknowthatitwillnotbetaken,butIknowthattheeventsofwararesubjecttogreatuncertainty."Igavethemthereasonsofmydoubting;thesubscriptionwasdropt,andtheprojectorstherebymissedthemortificationtheywouldhaveundergoneifthefireworkhadbeenprepared.Dr.Bond,onsomeotheroccasionafterward,saidthathedidnotlikeFranklin'sforebodings.

    30GovernorMorris,whohadcontinuallyworriedtheAssemblywithmessageaftermessagebeforethedefeatofBraddock,tobeatthemintothemakingofactstoraisemoneyforthedefenseoftheprovince,withouttaxing,amongothers,theproprietaryestates,andhadrejectedalltheirbillsfornothavingsuchanexemptingclause,nowredoubledhisattackswithmorehopeofsuccess,thedangerandnecessitybeinggreater.TheAssembly,however,continu'dfirm,believingtheyhadjusticeontheirside,andthatitwouldbegivingupanessentialrightiftheysufferedthegovernortoamendtheirmoney-bills.

    31Inoneofthelast,indeed,whichwasforgranting?50,000,hispropos'damendmentwasonlyofasingleword.Thebillexpressed"thatallestates,realandpersonal,weretobetaxed,thoseoftheproprietariesnotexcepted."Hisamendmentwas,for"not"read"only"—asmall,butverymaterialalteration.However,whenthenewsofthisdisasterreachedEngland,ourfriendsthere,whomwehadtakencaretofurnishwithalltheAssembly'sanswerstothegovernor'smessages,rais'daclamoragainsttheproprietariesfortheirmeannessandinjusticeingivingtheirgovernorsuchinstructions;somegoingsofarastosaythat,byobstructingthedefenseoftheirprovince,theyforfeitedtheirrighttoit.Theywereintimidatedbythis,andsentorderstotheirreceiver-generaltoadd?5,000oftheirmoneytowhateversummightbegivenbytheAssemblyforsuchpurpose.

    32This,beingnotifiedtotheHouse,wasacceptedinlieuoftheirshareofageneraltax,andanewbillwasform'd,withanexemptingclause,whichpassedaccordingly.BythisactIwasappointedoneofthecommissionersfordisposingofthemoney,?60,000.Ihadbeenactiveinmodellingthebillandprocuringitspassage,andhad,atthesametime,drawnabillforestablishinganddiscipliningofavoluntarymilitia,whichIcarriedthro'theHousewithoutmuchdifficulty,ascarewastakeninittoleavetheQuakersattheirliberty.Topromotetheassociationnecessarytoformthemilitia,Iwroteadialogue,statingandansweringalltheobjectionsIcouldthinkoftosuchamilitia,whichwasprinted,andhad,asIthought,greateffect.

    33Whiletheseveralcompaniesinthecityandcountrywereformingandlearningtheirexercise,thegovernorprevail'dwithmetotakechargeofourNorth-westernfrontier,whichwasinfestedbytheenemy,andprovideforthedefenseoftheinhabitantsbyraisingtroopsandbuildingalineofforts.Iundertookthismilitarybusiness,tho'Ididnotconceivemyselfwellqualifiedforit.Hegavemeacommissionwithfullpowers,andaparcelofblankcommissionsforofficers,tobegiventowhomIthoughtfit.Ihadbutlittledifficultyinraisingmen,havingsoonfivehundredandsixtyundermycommand.Myson,whohadintheprecedingwarbeenanofficerinthearmyrais'dagainstCanada,wasmyaid-de-camp,andofgreatusetome.TheIndianshadburnedGnadenhut,avillagesettledbytheMoravians,andmassacredtheinhabitants;buttheplacewasthoughtagoodsituationforoneoftheforts.

    34Inordertomarchthither,IassembledthecompaniesatBethlehem,thechiefestablishmentofthosepeople.Iwassurprisedtofinditinsogoodapostureofdefense;thedestructionofGnadenhuthadmadethemapprehenddanger.Theprincipalbuildingsweredefendedbyastockade;theyhadpurchasedaquantityofarmsandammunitionfromNewYork,andhadevenplac'dquantitiesofsmallpavingstonesbetweenthewindowsoftheirhighstonehouses,fortheirwomentothrowdownupontheheadsofanyIndiansthatshouldattempttoforceintothem.Thearmedbrethren,too,keptwatch,andreliev'dasmethodicallyasinanygarrisontown.Inconversationwiththebishop,Spangenberg,Imention'dthismysurprise;for,knowingtheyhadobtainedanactofParliamentexemptingthemfrommilitarydutiesinthecolonies,Ihadsuppos'dtheywereconscientiouslyscrupulousofbearingarms.Heanswer'dmethatitwasnotoneoftheirestablishedprinciples,butthat,atthetimeoftheirobtainingthatact,itwasthoughttobeaprinciplewithmanyoftheirpeople.Onthisoccasion,however,they,totheirsurprise,founditadoptedbybutafew.Itseemstheywereeitherdeceiv'dinthemselves,ordeceiv'dtheParliament;butcommonsense,aidedbypresentdanger,willsometimesbetoostrongforwhimsicalopinions.

    35ItwasthebeginningofJanuarywhenwesetoutuponthisbusinessofbuildingforts.IsentonedetachmenttowardtheMinisink,withinstructionstoerectoneforthesecurityofthatupperpartofthecountry,andanothertothelowerpart,withsimilarinstructions;andIconcludedtogomyselfwiththerestofmyforcetoGnadenhut,whereafortwastho'tmoreimmediatelynecessary.TheMoraviansprocur'dmefivewaggonsforourtools,stores,baggage,etc.

    36JustbeforeweleftBethlehem,elevenfarmers,whohadbeendrivenfromtheirplantationsbytheIndians,cametomerequestingasupplyoffirearms,thattheymightgobackandfetchofftheircattle.Igavethemeachagunwithsuitableammunition.Wehadnotmarch'dmanymilesbeforeitbegantorain,anditcontinuedrainingallday;therewerenohabitationsontheroadtoshelterus,tillwearriv'dnearnightatthehouseofaGerman,where,andinhisbarn,wewereallhuddledtogether,aswetaswatercouldmakeus.Itwaswellwewerenotattack'dinourmarch,forourarmswereofthemostordinarysort,andourmencouldnotkeeptheirgunlocksdry.TheIndiansaredextrousincontrivancesforthatpurpose,whichwehadnot.Theymetthatdaytheelevenpoorfarmersabovementioned,andkilledtenofthem.Theonewhoescap'dinform'dthathisandhiscompanions'gunswouldnotgooff,theprimingbeingwetwiththerain.

    37Thenextdaybeingfair,wecontinu'dourmarch,andarriv'datthedesolatedGnadenhut.Therewasasaw-millnear,roundwhichwereleftseveralpilesofboards,withwhichwesoonhuttedourselves;anoperationthemorenecessaryatthatinclementseason,aswehadnotents.Ourfirstworkwastoburymoreeffectuallythedeadwefoundthere,whohadbeenhalfinterr'dbythecountrypeople.

    38Thenextmorningourfortwasplann'dandmark'dout,thecircumferencemeasuringfourhundredandfifty-fivefeet,whichwouldrequireasmanypalisadestobemadeoftrees,onewithanother,ofafootdiametereach.Ouraxes,ofwhichwehadseventy,wereimmediatelysettoworktocutdowntrees,and,ourmenbeingdextrousintheuseofthem,greatdespatchwasmade.Seeingthetreesfallsofast,Ihadthecuriositytolookatmywatchwhentwomenbegantocutatapine;insixminutestheyhaditupontheground,andIfounditoffourteeninchesdiameter.Eachpinemadethreepalisadesofeighteenfeetlong,pointedatoneend.Whilethesewerepreparing,ourothermendugatrenchallround,ofthreefeetdeep,inwhichthepalisadesweretobeplanted;and,ourwaggons,thebodysbeingtakenoff,andtheforeandhindwheelsseparatedbytakingoutthepinwhichunitedthetwopartsoftheperch,wehadtencarriages,withtwohorseseach,tobringthepalisadesfromthewoodstothespot.Whentheyweresetup,ourcarpentersbuiltastageofboardsallroundwithin,aboutsixfeethigh,forthementostandonwhentofirethro'theloopholes.Wehadoneswivelgun,whichwemountedononeoftheangles,andfir'ditassoonasfix'd,tolettheIndiansknow,ifanywerewithinhearing,thatwehadsuchpieces;andthusourfort,ifsuchamagnificentnamemaybegiventosomiserableastockade,wasfinish'dinaweek,thoughitrain'dsohardeveryotherdaythatthemencouldnotwork.

    39Thisgavemeoccasiontoobserve,that,whenmenareemploy'd,theyarebestcontent'd;foronthedaystheyworkedtheyweregood-natur'dandcheerful,and,withtheconsciousnessofhavingdoneagoodday'swork,theyspenttheeveningjollily;butonouridledaystheyweremutinousandquarrelsome,findingfaultwiththeirpork,thebread,etc.,andincontinualill-humor,whichputmeinmindofasea-captain,whoseruleitwastokeephismenconstantlyatwork;and,whenhismateoncetoldhimthattheyhaddoneeverything,andtherewasnothingfurthertoemploythemabout,"Oh,"sayshe,"Makethemscourtheanchor."

    40Thiskindoffort,howevercontemptible,isasufficientdefenseagainstIndians,whohavenocannon.Findingourselvesnowpostedsecurely,andhavingaplacetoretreattoonoccasion,weventur'doutinpartiestoscourtheadjacentcountry.WemetwithnoIndians,butwefoundtheplacesontheneighboringhillswheretheyhadlaintowatchourproceedings.Therewasanartintheircontrivanceofthoseplaces,thatseemsworthmention.Itbeingwinter,afirewasnecessaryforthem;butacommonfireonthesurfaceofthegroundwouldbyitslighthavediscoveredtheirpositionatadistance.Theyhadthereforedugholesinthegroundaboutthreefeetdiameter,andsomewhatdeeper;wesawwheretheyhadwiththeirhatchetscutoffthecharcoalfromthesidesofburntlogslyinginthewoods.Withthesecoalstheyhadmadesmallfiresinthebottomoftheholes,andweobserv'damongtheweedsandgrasstheprintsoftheirbodies,madebytheirlayingallround,withtheirlegshangingdownintheholestokeeptheirfeetwarm,which,withthem,isanessentialpoint.Thiskindoffire,somanag'd,couldnotdiscoverthem,eitherbyitslight,flame,sparks,orevensmoke:itappear'dthattheirnumberwasnotgreat,anditseemstheysawweweretoomanytobeattackedbythemwithprospectofadvantage.

    41WehadforourchaplainazealousPresbyterianminister,Mr.Beatty,whocomplainedtomethatthemendidnotgenerallyattendhisprayersandexhortations.Whentheyenlisted,theywerepromised,besidespayandprovisions,agillofrumaday,whichwaspunctuallyserv'douttothem,halfinthemorning,andtheotherhalfintheevening;andIobserv'dtheywereaspunctualinattendingtoreceiveit;uponwhichIsaidtoMr.Beatty,"Itis,perhaps,belowthedignityofyourprofessiontoactasstewardoftherum,butifyouweretodealitoutandonlyjustafterprayers,youwouldhavethemallaboutyou."Helikedthetho't,undertooktheoffice,and,withthehelpofafewhandstomeasureouttheliquor,executedittosatisfaction,andneverwereprayersmoregenerallyandmorepunctuallyattended;sothatIthoughtthismethodpreferabletothepunishmentinflictedbysomemilitarylawsfornon-attendanceondivineservice.

    42Ihadhardlyfinish'dthisbusiness,andgotmyfortwellstor'dwithprovisions,whenIreceiv'daletterfromthegovernor,acquaintingmethathehadcall'dtheAssembly,andwishedmyattendancethere,ifthepostureofaffairsonthefrontierswassuchthatmyremainingtherewasnolongernecessary.Myfriends,too,oftheAssembly,pressingmebytheirletterstobe,ifpossible,atthemeeting,andmythreeintendedfortsbeingnowcompleated,andtheinhabitantscontentedtoremainontheirfarmsunderthatprotection,Iresolvedtoreturn;themorewillingly,asaNewEnglandofficer,ColonelClapham,experiencedinIndianwar,beingonavisittoourestablishment,consentedtoacceptthecommand.Igavehimacommission,and,paradingthegarrison,haditreadbeforethem,andintroduc'dhimtothemasanofficerwho,fromhisskillinmilitaryaffairs,wasmuchmorefittocommandthemthanmyself;and,givingthemalittleexhortation,tookmyleave.IwasescortedasfarasBethlehem,whereIrestedafewdaystorecoverfromthefatigueIhadundergone.Thefirstnight,beinginagoodbed,Icouldhardlysleep,itwassodifferentfrommyhardlodgingonthefloorofourhutatGnadenwraptonlyinablanketortwo.

    43WhileatBethlehem,Iinquir'dalittleintothepracticeoftheMoravians:someofthemhadaccompaniedme,andallwereverykindtome.Ifoundtheywork'dforacommonstock,eatatcommontables,andsleptincommondormitories,greatnumberstogether.InthedormitoriesIobservedloopholes,atcertaindistancesallalongjustundertheceiling,whichIthoughtjudiciouslyplacedforchangeofair.Iwasattheirchurch,whereIwasentertain'dwithgoodmusick,theorganbeingaccompaniedwithviolins,hautboys,flutes,clarinets,etc.Iunderstoodthattheirsermonswerenotusuallypreachedtomixedcongregationsofmen,women,andchildren,asisourcommonpractice,butthattheyassembledsometimesthemarriedmen,atothertimestheirwives,thentheyoungmen,theyoungwomen,andthelittlechildren,eachdivisionbyitself.ThesermonIheardwastothelatter,whocameinandwereplac'dinrowsonbenches;theboysundertheconductofayoungman,theirtutor,andthegirlsconductedbyayoungwoman.Thediscourseseem'dwelladaptedtotheircapacities,andwasdeliver'dinapleasing,familiarmanner,coaxingthem,asitwere,tobegood.Theybehav'dveryorderly,butlookedpaleandunhealthy,whichmademesuspecttheywerekepttoomuchwithindoors,ornotallow'dsufficientexercise.

    44Iinquir'dconcerningtheMoravianmarriages,whetherthereportwastruethattheywerebylot.Iwastoldthatlotswereus'donlyinparticularcases;thatgenerally,whenayoungmanfoundhimselfdispos'dtomarry,heinform'dtheeldersofhisclass,whoconsultedtheelderladiesthatgovern'dtheyoungwomen.Astheseeldersofthedifferentsexeswerewellacquaintedwiththetempersanddispositionsoftheirrespectivepupils,theycouldbestjudgewhatmatchesweresuitable,andtheirjudgmentsweregenerallyacquiesc'din;butif,forexample,itshouldhappenthattwoorthreeyoungwomenwerefoundtobeequallyproperfortheyoungman,thelotwasthenrecurredto.Iobjected,ifthematchesarenotmadebythemutualchoiceoftheparties,someofthemmaychancetobeveryunhappy."Andsotheymay,"answer'dmyinformer,"ifyouletthepartieschuseforthemselves;"—which,indeed,Icouldnotdeny.
本站首頁 | 玄幻小說 | 武俠小說 | 都市小說 | 言情小說 | 收藏本頁