第六章
1我的生意越來越多了,我的生活狀況也一天比一天富裕了,因為我的報紙利潤豐厚,有一段時期它是本州和鄰近各州惟一的報紙。我的經歷再次證明這句格言:「獲得第一桶金後,賺第二桶就輕而易舉」,資本會自己增殖的。
2在卡萊羅納州建立成功的合作關係後,我大受鼓舞,在其它州也嘗試著這樣做,並且提升一些做的好的工人,給他們提供一些資源,讓他們按卡萊羅納州的合作模式在其它殖民地建立印刷所。他們中的大多數都做的很成功,且在六年的合同期滿後能從我這裡購買鉛字繼續經營,許多的家庭也因此過的還好。許多合作關係最後都是在爭吵中結束的,我很慶幸我的合作都在友善的氛圍中進行,結局也很令人欣慰。我想這應歸功於我的未雨綢繆,事先簽訂合同,在合同中非常明確地說明雙方應盡的義務和應有的權利,這樣發生爭執的情況就很少了。因此,我想勸所有合夥創業的人都採取這種方式來預防爭執,因為不管當初合作時雙方多麼尊敬,多麼信任,日後也免不了小小的猜忌和抱怨,以及在照料業務和承擔事物方面所產生的不平等之感等等,這樣很容易引起友誼和合作關係的破裂,甚至發展到對簿公堂等其它不愉快的境地。
3總體上來說,我對我在賓西法尼亞建立的一切事業感到還算滿意,不過,有兩件事我覺得比較遺憾,那就是:這裡沒有安全防務,也沒有一所教育青年的高等學府;沒有民兵隊,也沒有大學。因此,1734年我就提議建立一所高等學校,當時有一個彼得斯牧師正失業,我就想,他當然會是管理這樣一個學校的適當人選,所以就把這個計劃告訴了他,但是他想替地主服務,賺大錢,而且成功地謀到了一個這樣的職位,所以他拒絕了我的請求。因為當時想不出其他適合這個職位的人選,所以就把這個計劃暫時擱置下來了。第二年,也就是1744年,我提議成立了一個哲學研究會,為此還寫了篇論文,將來我的文集出版的時候你們會看到它。
4至於防務問題,西班牙跟大不列顛打了幾年仗,最後法國終於也參加到西班牙那邊去了,這使得我們的處境十分險惡。我們的州長托馬斯曾經不辭辛勞地試圖說服在教會控制下的州議會,通過一條民兵法和制定一些保障本州的安全措施,但是他的努力都付之東流。因此我就設法試著從民間徵募義勇軍。為了推進這件事,我首先撰寫並發表了一本小冊子,定名為《平凡的真理》。在這本小冊子裡我強調指出我們毫無防備的情形,指出為了我們的州防,我們必須徵兵和訓練軍隊,並且相約在幾天之內組建義勇軍,廣泛徵求隊員來加強國防。這本小冊子產生了令人意想不到的驚異的效果。有人向我提交要加入義勇軍的志願書,我跟幾個朋友商定了一個志願書草樣後,就在前面提過的大教堂裡召開了一個市民會議。教堂裡差不多坐滿了人。我預先印好了入隊志願書,在教堂各處也預備了筆墨。我向他們做了一些關於國防講話,讀了志願書上的項目並加以解釋,之後就把它們分發出去,大家便在志願書上踴躍簽名,一點反對的意思都沒有。
5散會以後,志願書收了上來,我們數了一下,大概有1200張以上。另外還有分發到其它各地去的志願書,這樣加起來大概有1萬張以上。這些人盡速地自備槍械,自己編隊,自選長官,每週集合一次,進行體力訓練和其它的軍事訓練。婦女們自發捐獻絲綢軍旗,並在上面繡上了各種不同的圖案和格言,這些圖案和格言都是我提供的。
6組成費城聯隊的各團軍官推舉我做他們的團長,考慮到我對這個位置不合適,我就拒絕了他們的盛情,之後我推薦了勞倫斯,一個非常棒,且相當有影響力的人!於是軍官們採納了我的意見,請他做他們的長官。接著我提議發行獎券集資,在城南修建炮台和裝配大炮。資金迅速地湊足了,炮台也不日完工,牆垛是用原木做成的,裡面填上泥土。我們從波士頓買來了幾尊舊大炮,光這幾尊還是遠遠不夠的,因此我們寫信到英國去訂購,同時向私人軍火商求援,當然我們對此也沒抱有太大的希望。
7同時,我和勞倫斯將軍、威廉·艾倫先生、亞布拉罕·泰勒先生被派到紐約向克林頓州長借幾尊大炮。他一開始堅決地拒絕了我們。後來按照當地的風俗,我們宴請了他和他的顧問班子,在餐桌上幾杯烈性的白葡萄酒下肚後,他的態度逐步地軟化了下來,他說願意借給我們6尊。接著滿飲幾杯後,他把數目增至10尊,最後他十分優厚地答應讓給我們18尊。他借給我們的是質地上乘的可以發射18磅的重磅大炮,還包括堅固的炮架。沒過多久。我們便把它們運回來裝在我們的炮台上。在戰爭期間,聯合部隊每夜在炮台上放哨守望,我跟其他隊員像一個普通的士兵一樣按時輪班值勤。
8我在這些活動中的表現受到了州長和他參議會的嘉許和歡迎。他們對我相當信任,總向我咨詢有關有益於軍團訓練的措施。為了在宗教上得到支持,我建議他宣佈一個齋戒日,以促進軍隊的改良和祈求上帝對我們所進行的事業的祝福。他們很擁護這一主張,但是因為在賓西法尼亞歷史上沒有舉行過齋戒日,所以秘書找不到前例可循,不知道應該怎樣起草這個文告。我在新英格蘭求過學,在那裡每年都會舉行一個齋戒日,這點好處正好可以利用一下。所以,我就按那裡的傳統格式起草了一篇文告,譯成德文,用德英兩種文字印刷出來,向全州公佈。這也就給各教派的牧師們提供了一個機會去鼓勵他們的信徒們參加聯合軍隊。假如不是因為戰事很快地結束了的話,也許除了教友會以外的各個教派都會積極地參加聯合軍隊呢!
9我的一些朋友認為,我在那些事件中的活動,會冒犯宗教,這樣的話會喪失我在議會中的地位,因為教會的人在議會中佔大多數。有一個年輕的紳士,在州議會裡有些朋友,因而想把我擠走,繼任我那個議會秘書的職位,於是就對我說,議員們已經決定在下次選舉時把我免職,他好意勸我辭職,因為辭職比免職要體面些。我禮貌地回敬他:我曾經聽說過一個政治家,他有一個處事原則,即他從不謀求職位,但是當別人請求他任職時,他也從不拒絕。我贊成他的原則只是還得往上再加一小點:我從不請求職位,從不拒絕職位,同時也從不辭職。假如他們把我這個秘書的職位交給別人,他們有權免我的職,我也不會因此感到難為情,但是我堅決不辭職,而放棄在適當時候向我的對手報復的權利。後來再也沒聽到過這樣的事了,在接下來的選舉中我還是當選了,而且像往常一樣全體一致通過的。這件事我想可能是州議會的議員們不喜歡我近來跟州長的參議會走得太近,因為歷任州長與他的參議會在軍事準備問題上和州議會一向有分歧,州議會對此也比較頭痛。議員們不願意僅僅因為我熱心辦軍事訓練而把我免職,但是他們又找不到其它合適的借口,只好希望我自動離開議會。
10其實,我有理由相信假如參議會沒要求州議會積極協助的話,他們雙方也不會反對國防建設的。我發現有很多人,雖然反對侵略性的戰爭,但是不會反對防禦性質的戰事,實際上這樣的人比我想像的還要多。關於國防問題雙方發表了許多小冊子,有一些贊成國防的小冊子還是一些優秀的教友會的教友寫的。這些文章說服了大多數年輕的教友會教友。
11有件事讓我瞭解了消防隊大多數人的看法。有人提議為了資助炮台的建設起見,我們想用當時消防隊的約60鎊的資金來購買彩票。根據當時我們的法律規章,動用資金必須在提案提出後的下一屆會議中通過才行,消防隊有30會員,其中22個是教友會的教友,僅僅8個會員屬於其它教派。我們8個人準時出席了會議,雖然我們知道有些教友會教友將站在我們這一邊,但是我們的主張最終究竟會不會獲得通過,我們還沒有十足的把握。只有一個教友會教友——詹姆士·莫裡斯先生,出席反對這一提案。他對於這一提案的提出深表惋惜,因為這個提案所有教友會的教友都反對,它引起了各派的爭執,這種紛爭或許會導致消防隊的解散。我們向他解釋,這樣的結果是不太可能的,因為我們是少數派,假如教友會的教友反對這一提案,在投票表決時票數多於我們,按照議事規則我們必須服從多數,而且別無選擇。討論提案的時候到了,於是有人提議進行表決,按規章我們可以在那個時候表決,但是他確信有許多教友會教友是會來投反對票的,為了公正起見,我們就應該等他們一小會兒。
12當我們正在爭論時,一個侍者跑來告訴我樓下有兩位紳士要見我。我跑下樓一看,原來是我們消防隊的兩個教友會教友,他告訴我還有8位會友在附近的一家酒館裡,如果有必要的話,他們會來參加會議和我們一起投贊成票,但是他不希望出現這樣的局面。因為如果他們投贊成票的話,他們的長者和朋友們和會責難他們。所以我們如果可以不用他們出席而通過議案的話就不要叫他們來協助。這樣一來,我們勝出的把握就又多了一成了,我回到樓上,假裝猶豫了一陣後就同意延長一小時。莫裡斯先生認為這樣做是十分公正的,但是他的同盟者一個也沒有來,這使他十分詫異也十分惱火。1小時以後我們就以8︰1的多數票通過了這一議案。因為在22個教友會成員中,8個願意跟我們投贊成票,13人棄權,表示他們不願意投反對票,所以按照我的估計,我認為真正反對國防的教友會教友的比例僅是1︰21。這些不願投反對票的教友全是教友會的忠實信徒,在他們中間聲譽頗佳,而且也都知道這次開會要討論的議程。
13一位德高望重、博學多才的洛根先生,他一直是教友會教友,他寫了一封致教友會教友的公開信,在信中他支持修建防禦性工事,並且言之有理,持之有據。並且交給我60鎊為炮台去購買獎券,並且言明如果彩票中獎,獎金全部捐作修建炮台之用。關於防禦性工事,他隨後告訴了我一個關於他以前的東家威廉·潘的故事。他年輕的時候,跟著他的老闆威廉·潘從英國漂洋過海來到美洲,那時他只是個秘書。碰巧那時是個狼煙四起的多事之秋,有一隻武裝了的船緊緊地追趕著他們的船,他們猜想那是一條敵船。船長於是下令開始準備抵抗,但他告訴威廉·潘和他的教友會隨從說,不指望得到他們協助,他們可以呆在甲板上也可以躲到艙裡。於是他們都下去了,只有詹姆士·洛根一個人留了下來,他寧願呆在甲板上。船長就命令他看守一尊炮。這個假想的敵船,實際上是一隻友好的船隻,所以沒有爆發戰爭。但是當這位秘書下去報告消息的時候,威廉·潘嚴厲地責備他的行為,說他違反了教友會的教規,參加船的保衛工作,特別是因為船長並沒有要求他這樣做。威廉·潘當著眾人的面責罵他,惹惱了這位秘書,他說:「我是你的僕人,你為什麼不命令我下去呢?但是當情勢危急時,你很樂意我留在上面協助保衛船隻啊!」
14州議會中的成員絕大多數都是教友會的教友,而且一向都是教友會教友,我在議會多年,常常看到當國王命令他們通過增加軍費預算時,由於他們原則上反對戰爭,所以他們做決定的時候左右為難。因為,一方面,他們不願意得罪英王政府而直接了當地拒絕撥款,另一方面,他們也不願意順從國王的意旨,違背他們的原則,而觸怒他們教友會的朋友。因此他們想出各種各樣的托詞來推脫,而每當無處可逃非順從不可時,他們就會想出各種欲蓋彌彰的方法來。最常用的方法是在「供國王的應用」的名義下通過撥款,但從不過問該款的具體用途。
15但是假如請求撥款的命令不是直接從國王那來的,這個借口就不太適用了,他們就不得不另外想出一些花樣來。比如,新英格蘭的政府因缺乏火藥(我想是為了防守路易堡)請求賓西法尼亞撥給一些火藥,托馬斯州長極力主張州議會應當加以援助,但是州議會無法明目張膽地撥錢給其買火藥,因為火藥是戰爭的要素之一,但是他們可以在支援新英格蘭購買糧食、麵粉或其它粒狀物的名義下撥款3000英鎊,款項由州長掌握。有些參議會議員想給州議會更多的麻煩,勸州長不要接受這筆款項,因為它不符合要求,但是州長回答說:「我接受這筆錢,因為我瞭解它的實際意義。所謂其它粒狀物就是指火藥。」因此他拿來購買了火藥,州議會也從不反對州長這樣處理。
16在我們消防隊裡,當我們擔心購買獎券的議案不能通過時,我就想到了這件事,我對我的朋友辛格先生(我們的一個隊員)說:「假如我們的提議通不過的話,就讓我們提議用這筆錢來購買一架防火機器吧,教友會教友不會反對這件事的,接著你就提我的名,我提你的名,我們倆就組成委員會去購買,到時就買他一尊火炮,這當然也是一架「防火機器」呀!」他說:「你在州議會呆了那麼久,終於也有進步了。你這雙關的計劃簡直可以與他們的『糧食或其它粒狀物』相媲美了」。
17教友會把反對任何戰爭作為他們信守不渝的一條原則肯定下來並把它向社會公佈出去了,雖然在後來的活動中他們改變了主張,但是當時這些反戰原則已經有言在先,所以不可能輕易地推翻它,免得在公眾中落個出爾反爾的形象。教友會的進退維谷的窘境讓我想起了我們中間的一個教派,叫做德國浸禮會,他們採取了一種在我看來是比較審慎的態度。這個教派成立後不久,我就認識了它的創始人之一的邁克爾·魏爾菲。他向我訴苦說,其他教派的狂熱信徒無端地誣蔑他們,說他們有一些令人憎惡的信條和習慣,其實這完全是無中生有。我告訴他說,這對新教派是常有的事,為了消滅這些無端的污蔑,最好就是把你們的信條和教規公佈一下。他說,這樣的建議在他們中間也曾經有人提過,但是因為下面的緣故他們不願意這樣做。他說:「當我們這一教派剛成立時,蒙上帝的啟示,使我們看到某些過去我們認為是真理的教條現在實在是謬誤的,而有些我們過去認為是錯誤的現在看起來卻是真理,上帝不時指引著我們,我們的教規在不斷地改進,我們的錯誤在不斷地減少。但是我們不敢斷定我們的進步就已經登峰造極,我們心靈的或神學的知識就已經盡善盡美了。我們擔心假如一旦把我們的教規公佈的話,我們日後會受之束縛和限制,這可能會使我們不再願意加以改進,而我們的子孫將會更加如此,因為他們會覺得他們祖輩創立的遺訓是神聖不可侵犯的,是應當信守不渝的。」
18一個教派有這樣謙遜的品質恐怕是人類歷史上絕無僅有的吧!其他的教派總是以為自己真理在握,認為持有不同見解的人是完全錯誤的。像一個在漫天迷霧中行走的人一樣,在他看來,他前面不遠處的人完全是沉浸在大霧中,他後面的和兩邊的人也是如此,而他覺得自己周圍是完全清晰的,沒有被大霧包圍,但實際上他跟其他人一樣都在大霧中。為了避免陷入這種進退維谷的窘境,近年來越來越多的教友會教友辭去了州議會和政府中的職位,他們寧可放棄他們的權利也不願在原則上讓步。
19按照時間的先後來說,我早就應該提下面這件事了。1742年我發明了一種「壁爐」,冷空氣在進入的過程中就被烘熱了,因而這種壁爐能夠更好地使房間變暖同時還可節省燃料。後來我就製造了一個模型送給我的一個老朋友羅伯特·格雷斯。他開了一家鐵匠鋪,他發現製造這種壁爐的鐵板會有豐厚的利潤,因為買這種壁爐的人越來越多了。為了推廣銷路,我撰寫並發表了一本小冊子,定名《新發明的賓西法尼亞壁爐說明書:本文特別說明它的構造和使用方法,證明它較其它取暖方法的優點,駁斥一切反對使用這種壁爐的議論》。這本小冊子發行後起到了很好的效果,托馬斯州長非常喜歡書中介紹的這種壁爐的結構,他甚至提議在若干年後給我專利權,但是我不想取得專利權,因為在這個問題上我心裡一直堅持這樣的原則:既然別人的發明給了我們巨大的便利,我們也該樂於讓別人享用我們的發明,並且我們應當無償的把我們的發明貢獻給世人。
20但是,倫敦的一個鐵器商人從我的小冊子裡竊取了許多東西,並把它改成自己的東西,只是在我的基礎上做了些小小的變動,這些改動使得壁爐的效力降低了,他就在倫敦獲得了專利,據說,他因此發了一筆不小的橫財。別人從我的發明當中剽竊專利權已不僅限於這一個例子了,雖然有時候他們也不一定會獲得成功,但我從不願跟他們爭訟,因為我自己無意利用專利權來獲利,我也不喜歡爭吵。這種壁爐的推行,不管是在賓西法尼亞還是在附近的殖民地,都給人們節約了大量的燃料。
21戰爭結束了,因此軍事訓練的工作也結束了,我的精力就轉到開辦學院這件事上來了。我的第一部計劃是邀請我朋友中的一些積極分子參加這個計劃,其中有相當數量是社團的會員;第二部是編寫和發表一本小冊子,叫做《有關賓西法尼亞青年教育的建議》。我把它們免費贈送給居民中有些地位的人,過了些時候我認為他們都已經看過這本小冊子了,因而在思想上都有些準備了,我就為開辦和維持這所學院開始募捐。捐款在五年內分5次繳納。這種分期繳款的辦法,我認為可以使得認捐數目大一些。事實上我相信也是如此,假如我沒有記錯的話,認捐總數不下於5000磅。
22在這些計劃的前言中,我指出它的出版不是我一個人的功勞而是許多愛國紳士共同努力的結果。照我做事的一貫作風,我不願把自己當做公益事業的發起人公佈出去。
23為了盡快地實現這個計劃,捐款人從他們自己中間推選了21個理事,並且指定我和當時的首席檢查官法蘭西斯先生替這個學院起草一個組織規程。規程擬訂好了,校舍租好了,教師也請好了,我記得學校就在那一年(1749年)開學了。
24學院的人數不斷地增加,原來的校舍很快就不夠用了,當時我們正物色一塊位置適中的地皮,打算修建校舍,但是這個時候上帝突然賜給我們一所現成的大廈,只須稍稍修改,就可以使用了。這就是上面提到過的,懷特菲爾德先生的信徒們出資修建的大教堂。我們就這樣輕而易舉地獲得了校舍。
25我記得當初這所大教堂是由許多不同教派的人出資修建起來的,所以在推選保管該項房地產的理事時,規定不許任何教派佔有優勢,免得日後有人利用這種優勢,把整所房屋撥給某一教派獨用,而違反修建這所教堂的本意。因此他們每一個教派中都推舉了一個人出來,即聖公會一人,長老會一人,浸禮會一人,弟兄會一人,等等。如果因死亡有空缺時,就由理事會從捐款人中推選一人給補上。碰巧這位弟兄會的理事和其他理事不和,在他死後,理事會決定不再選弟兄會的人做理事了。但是這樣做問題就出現了,即在推舉新理事的時候怎樣避免一個教派有兩個理事呢?
26理事們提出了幾個候選人的名字,但是因為上述那個原因都沒有被通過,後來一個理事提到了我的名字,他說我是一個誠實的人,不屬於任何教派,這樣才說服了其他理事,他們就推選了我做新理事。理事們當年修建教堂時的那股熱情早就煙消雲散了,理事會無法找到新的捐款來償付地租和其它與教堂有關的債務,因此對教堂的發展感到憂心忡忡。現在我是兩個理事會的理事了,既是教堂的理事也是學院的理事,因此我就有個很好的機會跟兩方面的理事們商談,最後使雙方達成了一項協議。按照這項協議,教堂理事會把教堂讓渡給學院理事會,後者承擔償還清債務的責任,不過要遵照修建該教堂時的原意——永遠在教堂裡劃出一大間會堂聽任傳教士們的不時之需,並開辦一所免費的供教育清貧弟子所用的學校。於是雙方訂了合同,學院理事會付清了債務以後,就接管了教堂的房產。我們把高大的教堂分成了兩層,每層又隔成若干房間作為教室。另外又買了些地皮,整個場所不久就合乎我們的要求了。學生們不久就搬進了這所大樓。所有跟工人定合同、採購物資和監督工程等工作都落在了我肩上,可我還是很樂意去做這些工作,特別是因為它們並不和我的業務衝突。因為一年前我已經和我的一個夥計合了伙,他叫大衛·荷爾,非常能幹、勤勉、誠實,他替我做了四年,所以我很瞭解他。他擔負了管理印刷所的一切工作,使我得以抽身做其它的事,並按時付給我應得的紅利。這一關係維持了18年之久,對雙方都有無盡的好處。
27過了些時候,學院理事會從州長那領得了一張執照,組成了一個社團,從英國寄來了大量的捐款,地主們也捐了土地,州議會到現在為止也捐獻了不少資金,理事會的基金多了起來。現在的費城大學就這樣成立了。我從開始一直是其中的一個理事,到現在快40年了。看到許多青年在這所大學裡受到教育,能夠以卓越的才能顯名揚姓,成為社會和國家的棟樑,我感到由衷的欣慰。
28正如前面所說的,我擺脫了私人業務的經營,當時我自認為已經獲得了一筆財產,雖然數目很有限,但足夠使我在未來的一生中獲得空閒的時間,來從事哲理的探討和歡度晚年。我從思朋斯博士那裡購買了他全部的儀器,他是從英國到美洲來講學的。我很快著手做電學的實驗。但是公眾卻認為我是個悠閒的人,因而就抓住我來做事,政府各部門幾乎同時要我效勞。州長任命我為治安推事;市政府選我做市議會議員,不久以後又選我做市參議員;全體人民又選我為州議員,在州議會中代表他們。州議員這個職位特別使我樂意,因為我厭倦了孤坐一旁聽別人辯論的處境了。作為州議會的秘書,我不能參加辯論,而這些辯論又是多麼的枯燥無味,我不得不在紙上畫畫數字方陣表、圓圈或是其它的任何東西來解悶。而做了州議員就不同了,我認為在這個職位上我可以作出我更大的貢獻。當然,如果說我對這些榮譽無動於衷的話未免有點虛偽,這些社會地位對我這樣出身低微的人來說是很了不起的,所以我確實感到很光榮,特別使我感到高興的是這些職位代表著社會輿論對我的自發稱讚,完全不是靠我自己沽名釣譽得來的。
29我試著做了一下治安法官,出了幾次庭,也開庭聽人訴訟,但是我發現要做好這個工作僅憑我那點膚淺的習慣法知識是遠遠不夠的。因此,我漸漸避開這一職務,我的借口是我不得不在州議會中履行更重要的任務。每年我都當選州議會,連任10年之久。我從不請求任何選舉人投我的票,也從不間接地表達我要求當選的願望。在做州議員時,我的兒子當了州議會的秘書。
30接下來的一年,我們要與印第安人在卡萊爾談判,州長送了個咨文給州議會,建議州議會從議員指定幾位議員同參議會中的一部分參議員共同組成一個談判委員會。州議會就指定了我和議會長(諾裡斯先生)去,我們就奉命去卡萊爾會見了印第安人。
31印第安人十分好酒,喝醉了酒後就發酒瘋,吵吵鬧鬧,無法無天,不守秩序,所以我們嚴格禁止賣任何酒給他們。當他們為這禁酒而抱怨時。我們就對他們說,如果在談判期間不喝酒,談判結束後我們願意給他們大量的甜酒。他們答應了,也遵守了這一約定,因為他們除此之外買不到酒,所以不得不遵守。談判進行得很安靜,很順利,結果也讓雙方滿意。談判結束後,我們遵守前面的約定給了他們甜酒,這是在下午。他們男女老幼加在一起大約有100來號人,住在城外臨時性的四合院型的木屋裡。到了晚上的時候,我們聽到外面人聲嘈雜,委員們就跑出去看個究竟。我們看見四合院的中央燃起了一個熊熊篝火,他們男男女女全喝的酩酊大醉,互相叫著,打著。在昏暗的篝火下,隱約可見他們半裸的淡黑色的身體,他們互相追逐著,拿著火把相互毆打著,口中發出可怕的喊叫聲。這種情景讓我們想起了想像中的地獄。喧囂嘈雜聲經久不息,我們沒辦法,回到了我們的寓所。午夜十分,幾個印第安人跑來,像打雷一般地敲我們的門,要求更多的甜酒,我們理都不想理他們。
32第二天,他們發覺他們的行為過火了,不該打攪我們,所以派了3個酋長來道歉。聲稱他們錯了,但是卻把錯誤推到甜酒身上,接著又設法寬宥甜酒,說:「創造萬物的大神使得物各有其用,既然神指定某種東西有某一用途,不管這用途是什麼,就應該照著來用。當神創造甜酒時,神說:『這酒是給印第安人喝醉用的』,所以我們必須執行神的旨意。」是呀,照他們這樣的邏輯,假如上帝的旨意是要消滅這些生靈,給墾殖者讓出地方,那麼看來,甜酒很可能就是老天注定的手段和方法了。它已經消滅了所有以前住在沿海一帶的部落了。
331751年,我的一個好友托馬斯·邦德醫生想要在費城開辦一所醫院(一個非常好的主意,有人說這個計劃是我想出來的,但是這確實是他的主張),以便收容和治療窮苦無依的病人,不問是否是本州的居民或是外地人。他熱誠而又積極地為這一計劃募捐,但是因為這樣的計劃在美洲尚屬首創,人們還不是很瞭解它,因此他的努力收效不大。
34最後他到我這兒來,恭維我說,他發現了一個要實現公益事業的計劃,沒有我參加就不行。他說:「因為我去向人們募捐,人們常問我:『這件事你跟富蘭克林商量過沒有?富蘭克林怎麼說?』當我告訴他們我還沒有跟你談過,因為我認為這件事多少有點非你所長,他們就拒絕捐款了,只說他們將考慮這個計劃。」我問了他這個計劃的性質和可能的用途,他的回答讓我覺得非常有益。我不但自己捐了錢,而且熱誠把這計劃解釋給人們聽,還勸他們捐款支持這一計劃。不過在向人們募捐之前,我在報上發表了有關這一計劃的文章,以便讓大家在思想上有所準備。在這樣的事情上,這是我一貫的做法,但是他卻忽略了這一關鍵的一步。
35後來人們捐款比開始踴躍多了。但是不久捐款就越來越少了,我知道如果州議會不加以援助,光靠民間的捐款是不夠的。因此我就主張申請州議會津貼,接著就這樣行動了。代表鄉村的議員們起初並不贊成這個計劃,他們提出了自己的不同的觀點,說這樣的醫院只對城裡人有好處,因此應該完全由城裡的市民出資來開辦。同時他們也懷疑究竟有多少市民贊成這樣的計劃。和他們觀點正相反,我倒認為,它受到市民的普遍歡迎,這一點是毫無疑問的,因為我們已經募到了2000多鎊的捐款。可他們還是認為我的想法是一種不切實際的奢望,是完全不可能實現的。
36我的計劃就是在這樣的情形下形成的。我請求州議會允許我提出這樣一個議案,即按照捐款人的要求讓他們組成一個社團並給一些津貼。州議會允許我這樣提出,主要是考慮到如果他們不喜歡就可以把它否決掉。我將其中的一個重要的條款當做一個條件提出來,即:「當這一議案被州議會通過時,捐款人應組成一個社團,選出理事和司庫,將募集起來的2000鎊的基金(年息作為上述醫院免費對窮苦病人提供食物、看護、診治和醫藥所用)並向州議會議長提出適當的證明,州議長依法簽字並通知州司庫付與上述醫院司庫2000鎊,分兩年付清,每年一次,作為開辦修繕和裝修之用。」
37這一條件使得該議案獲得通過,因為原先反對撥款的議員現在認為他們可以不費分文地獲得慈善家的美名,他們就贊成了這議案。後來,在向人們募捐的時候,我們強調該議案中的有條件的諾言,這樣人們就更樂於捐助了,因為每人的捐款將變成雙倍。這樣這個附帶條件在兩方面就都起了作用。因此捐款的總數沒多久就超過了規定的必需的數目,我們提出獲得政府津貼的要求,這一要求被接受了,這就幫助我們提早實現了這一計劃。不久我們建造了一所適宜而又美觀的大樓。後來的實踐證明這一醫院對人民是有益的,直到今天它還很興旺。在我畢生的政治計劃中,沒有一樁事情的成功,按我的記憶,在當時能給我這麼多的快慰,或者事後回想時,我也能原諒我曾經耍過的一個小小計謀。
38大概在這個時候,另外一個發起人吉爾伯特·譚那德牧師,來看我要求我幫助他募捐興建一所新的教堂。這所教堂將歸他手下的長老會使用,他們原來是懷特菲爾德先生的門徒。但我堅決地拒絕了他的請求,因為我不願意過分頻繁地向市民們募捐,致使他們對我不滿。後來他又要我提供一張名單,列舉以往在募捐中我認為是慷慨好施,熱心公益事業的人的姓名。這樣的名單我也拒絕給他,因為這些在以往募捐中好施的人們好心地答應了我募捐的請求,捐了款以後,我卻把他們指出來使他們受其他募捐人員的糾纏,那我就太不講道理了,所以這樣的事我決不能做的。後來他要求我至少給他一些忠告,「這個我倒很樂意」,我說,「首先,你先向那些你知道一定會出錢的人募捐,第二,向那些你不知道究竟會不會捐款的人募捐,並把那些已經捐了錢的人的名單給他們看,最後,也不要忽略那些你認為不肯出錢的人,因為其中有些人可能你會看錯的。」他笑著向我道了謝,他說他願意接受我這些勸告。他真的按我所說的做了,向每個人募捐了,結果是他得到捐款的總數比他預料的多得多。他用這筆錢在拱門街修建了一所宏偉而又十分華麗的教堂。
39雖然,我們的城市規劃的很美觀整齊,我們的街道既寬且直,縱橫交錯,但是不幸的是這些街道年久失修,路面已經壞了,每逢雨季,沉重的馬車就把路面碾得泥濘不堪,使人裹足不前,而晴天裡塵土飛揚,讓人難以忍受。我曾經一度在以前的澤西市場附近居住,當我看到市民們不得不在跋涉在污泥中購買食物時,頗感不安。後來在市場中央的一塊長條的地方鋪上了地磚,所以市民們一到市場就可以走上比較乾淨的地了,但是市場以外的街道還是泥濘不堪。我跟人們也談論過這件事,也為它寫過文章,終於使得從市場到住宅前面的人行道這一段街道鋪上了石板。在一段時期內,使得人們不必弄髒鞋子就可以順利到達市場了。但是,因為這條街的其它地方都未鋪上石板,所以當一輛馬車從泥路走上石板路時,就會把泥路上沾的泥路帶到石板路上,所以石板路上不久就堆滿了泥土,而又沒有人去清除這些污泥。因為這時城裡還沒有清潔工呢!
40經過一番調查後,我找到了一個貧窮而又勤勞的人,他願意做街道清潔的工作,每星期掃兩次並把每家門前的垃圾搬走,每家每月出6便士作為酬勞。接著我就寫了一張傳單,把它印出來了,指出這一筆小小的費用可以替街上的人們帶來的好處。例如,人們腳上帶進來的污泥減少了,我們家裡就可以比較容易乾淨了;街道清潔後,顧客更容易到店舖來,顧客增多了就可以給店家帶來更多的生意了;而且在颳風的時候風沙不致吹到他們的貨物上去等等。我給每家發了一張傳單,一兩天後我跑到各家去走訪,看究竟有多少人願意簽定合同支付這6便士。各家都一致同意地簽了合同,那段時期內,這個計劃進展得很順利。全體市民對於市場附近街道的清潔都感到很高興,因為它便利了大家。這就使得人們普遍地要求把所有街道都鋪起來。同時也使得人們更願意為鋪路納稅。
41過了一陣子,我起草了一個為費城築路的議案,並在州議會中把它提了出來。這事在1757年,剛好在我去英國之前,離開美洲之後,這議案才被通過,當時在評估稅額的方式方面作了某些變更,這些變動我認為是不妥的,但通過的議案還附帶了有關路燈的條款,這倒是一個很大的改進。一個普通的老百姓,已故的約翰·克利夫敦先生,曾經把一盞燈裝在了他的門口。這樣,他就用實際的榜樣說明了路燈的作用,從而使人們想到在全城各處都點上燈。有人把首創這一件公益事業的光榮歸於我,但實在是屬於那位先生的。我只是模仿了他的榜樣,在改進路燈的形狀方面略有微功。我們的路燈跟起初我們從倫敦買來的球狀路燈是不同的。這些圓形的路燈有下列缺點:空氣不能從下面進去,因此煙煤不能迅速地從上面出去,煙煤只能在圓球內打轉,黏附在球壁上,不久就阻塞了路燈應發的光線,而且每天需要去擦拭燈罩,如果不小心一下就會被碰破了,那整個燈罩就沒用了。因此我建議用4塊平整的玻璃拼湊起來,上面裝上一個長長的煙囪使煙煤上升,而燈下面露出的縫隙可以使空氣進入,讓煙煤進一步上升。這樣,燈罩就可以保持清潔,路燈可以光明燦爛到天明,不至於像倫敦的路燈那樣,在幾小時內就變得昏暗無光。並且偶然碰到它,一般也只會敲破一塊玻璃,重配很方便。
42倫敦伏克斯可花園的球狀燈底下的孔洞使燈罩很乾淨。我有時候覺得奇怪,為什麼倫敦的市民就沒有想到也在他們的路燈底下同樣開幾個孔。果然他們的路燈底下也有孔,但是這些孔是有別的用途的,那就是,把麻線穿過這些孔懸掛下來,可以讓火焰迅速地傳遞到燈心。至於放進空氣的用途,他們好像並沒有想到,因此,路燈點上幾小時後,倫敦街上就已經黯然無光了。
43提起這些改進,使我想起我在倫敦時曾向富特吉爾博士建議的一件事。富特吉爾博士是我認識的人中最優秀的人之一,是公益事業的一個偉大的創始人。我看到在天晴的時候,倫敦的街道是從來沒有人掃的,塵土飛揚,任其厚厚地積存下來,一下雨這些塵土就變成了泥漿,滿街的泥漿,不堪涉足。除了窮人拿著掃帚掃出的一條小道外,試圖穿越街道是不可能的事。這樣過了幾天後,人們費大力氣把泥漿翻起來,倒進敞篷的馬車中。當馬車在路上顛簸時,車身兩旁時時會顛出爛泥,飛濺四方,使過往路人苦惱不堪。而倫敦市民不掃街道的理由據說是怕塵土飛揚會進入商店和住宅的窗戶。
44一件偶然發生的事情使我知道掃街原本花費不了多少時間。一天早晨,我在克雷文街寓所的門口,我看見一個窮苦的婦人拿著一把樺樹枝掃帚在掃我門前的人行道。她看上去蒼白瘦弱,好像大病初癒的樣子。我問她是誰雇她來掃街的,她說,「誰也沒有僱傭我,但是我很窮,我來富人門前掃地,希望他們會給我一點錢。」我要她把整條街都掃乾淨,並且答應付她1先令。當時是9點整,12點鐘她來要工錢。起初我以為她動作遲緩,不可能做得這樣快,就派我的僕人去看個究竟。僕人很快回來報告說整條街都掃得一乾二淨,所有的塵土都堆在了路中央的陰溝之中。在下次下雨的時候,雨水就可以把塵土沖走,所以人行道,甚至陰溝,都會十分乾淨。
45當時我認為若一個虛弱的婦人可以在3個小時之內掃完這條街,那麼一個強壯的男子或許只需一半的時間就可以辦到。這裡讓我說明,在這樣狹窄的街道中,與其兩邊靠著人行道各有一個陰溝,不如在街道中間開一條溝來得方便。因為當一條街上的雨水從兩旁集中到中央時,會在中央形成一股急流,它有足夠大的力量沖洗掉路上所積的塵土。但是如果把它分為左右兩條水路,那水流的力量不足以沖刷乾淨路上的積土,只能使它接觸到的泥土更加稀爛,車輪和馬腳就會把它們濺在人行道上,使道路變得泥濘骯髒,有時也會濺在行人身上。我曾經向這位善良的博士提出了以下的建議:
46為更有效地打掃和保持倫敦和韋斯敏斯德的街道清潔起見,本人建議僱傭看守若干名,負責在乾旱的季節裡掃除塵土,在雨季裡做刮泥的工作。每名看守人負責巡邏幾條大街小巷,他們要配置的掃帚和其它清道工具統一放置在固定的場所,以備他們所僱傭的清掃人員工作之用。
47耙集在一起,上午泥土不可堆積在街上,以免被車輪和馬足揚起。清道人員應備有若干車輛,車身不是高高地裝在車輪上,而是應該低低地裝在滑盤上。車底由格子構成,上鋪稻草,以保持倒入的泥漿的水分從車子底部排出。除去大量的水,泥漿的重量將大大減輕。這種車輛應放置在適當遠的地方,泥漿先用手推車運送,而泥車在將泥中水分排干後,用馬匹把它們拖走。
48之後我對這個建議後半部分的可行性有些懷疑,因為有些街道很狹窄,泥車放在那裡就不能不佔去太多的位置,以致阻塞交通,但是我還以為那建議的前半部(主張在商店營業前清掃街道運走垃圾),在夏天是切實可行的,因為夏天日子長。一天早晨7點鐘,我走過倫敦河濱街和佛裡特街,看見雖然天已經亮了,太陽已經出來3個多小時了,可是還沒有一家店舖開門。倫敦的市民寧願在燭光下生活,在白天睡覺,但是另一方面,他們常常抱怨燭稅太高,燭價太貴,真有點荒唐啊!
49也許有人以為這些小事不值得留心或加以敘述。雖然在颳風的時候,灰沙吹進一個人的眼睛或是一家店舖是件小事,但是假如他們考慮到在人口眾多的城市裡有千千萬萬的人或者店舖受到灰沙的襲擊,而且這樣的情況時時發生,那他們就會認為這不是一件小事了,他們也不會妄加指責那些留意這些似乎微不足道的事情的人來了。人類幸福不是由偶然的巨大的機遇帶來的,而是由每天的時時發生的好事所積累而來的。所以說,假如你教會一個貧窮的年輕人怎樣修飾自己,怎樣保養他的剃刀遠比給他1000個金幣要好得多。這就是授人以魚不如授人以漁。這些錢總有一天會花光的,只會留下用錢不當的遺憾;但是另外一種情況,假如他學會了自己修面,他就會逃開時常因等待理髮師噁心的剪刀,還有那粗重的呼吸,骯髒的手指所帶來的不快,隨心所欲地想在哪個高興的時候做就在哪個時候做,而且器具也是令人感到舒適而又鋒利的。本著這樣的思想,我大膽冒昧地寫下了上面的文字,希望他們能夠對我所住的,所熱愛的城市提供一些有用的參考意見,或是對美洲的其它城市也有這樣的用處。
50曾經一度,我被美洲的郵政總局局長任命為他的審計員,管理幾個郵政所和幾個郵政官員,直到1753年他去世,我和威廉·亨特先生一同被英國郵政總局任命繼任了他的職位。截止到我們上任時,美洲的郵政從來沒有給英國郵政總局上繳過利潤。假如我們能夠創造利潤,我們可以從中提取600英鎊作為我們的年薪,為了做到這一點,許多一系列改進的工作就必須要做了,有些開支開始又是不可避免的要花很多錢,所以在最初的四年裡,英國郵政總局欠我們900鎊。但是不久都還清了;在我被一個行為怪誕的英國政府的大臣錯誤地卸職之前,在以後的文章裡我還會提到此事,我們已經使得它給英國政府創造了比愛爾蘭最高峰時的郵政收入還多3倍的純利潤。自從那次錯誤的解職後,他們再也沒從美洲郵政局收到過一個子兒。
51這年,郵政局的事情給了我一個去新英格蘭旅行的機遇。新英格蘭的劍橋大學,出於他們的好意,授予了我一個文學碩士的學位。康涅狄格州的耶魯大學,曾經也授予了一個同樣的學位給我,因此,雖然我沒有受過正規的大學教育,但是我憑著我的自學還是分享了大學的榮譽。他們也是由於我在自然學科中對電學方面的發現和成績而授予我榮譽的。
Part6
1Mybusinesswasnowcontinuallyaugmenting,andmycircumstancesgrowingdailyeasier,mynewspaperhavingbecomeveryprofitable,asbeingforatimealmosttheonlyoneinthisandtheneighbouringprovinces.Iexperienced,too,thetruthoftheobservation,"thataftergettingthefirsthundredpound,itismoreeasytogetthesecond,"moneyitselfbeingofaprolificnature.
2ThepartnershipatCarolinahavingsucceeded,Iwasencourag'dtoengageinothers,andtopromoteseveralofmyworkmen,whohadbehavedwell,byestablishingthemwithprinting-housesindifferentcolonies,onthesametermswiththatinCarolina.Mostofthemdidwell,beingenabledattheendofourterm,sixyears,topurchasethetypesofmeandgoonworkingforthemselves,bywhichmeansseveralfamilieswereraised.Partnershipsoftenfinishinquarrels;butIwashappyinthis,thatminewereallcarriedonandendedamicably,owing,Ithink,agooddealtotheprecautionofhavingveryexplicitlysettled,inourarticles,everythingtobedonebyorexpectedfromeachpartner,sothattherewasnothingtodispute,whichprecautionIwouldthereforerecommendtoallwhoenterintopartnerships;for,whateveresteempartnersmayhavefor,andconfidenceineachotheratthetimeofthecontract,littlejealousiesanddisgustsmayarise,withideasofinequalityinthecareandburdenofthebusiness,etc.,whichareattendedoftenwithbreachoffriendshipandoftheconnection,perhapswithlawsuitsandotherdisagreeableconsequences.
3Ihad,onthewhole,abundantreasontobesatisfiedwithmybeingestablishedinPennsylvania.Therewere,however,twothingsthatIregretted,therebeingnoprovisionfordefense,norforacompleateducationofyouth;nomilitia,noranycollege.Itherefore,in1743,drewupaproposalforestablishinganacademy;andatthattime,thinkingtheReverendMr.Peters,whowasoutofemploy,afitpersontosuperintendsuchaninstitution,Icommunicatedtheprojecttohim;buthe,havingmoreprofitableviewsintheserviceoftheproprietaries,whichsucceeded,declin'dtheundertaking;and,notknowinganotheratthattimesuitableforsuchatrust,Ilettheschemelieawhiledormant.Isucceededbetterthenextyear,1744,inproposingandestablishingaPhilosophicalSociety.ThepaperIwroteforthatpurposewillbefoundamongmywritings,whencollected.
4Withrespecttodefense,SpainhavingbeenseveralyearsatwaragainstGreatBritain,andbeingatlengthjoin'dbyFrance,whichbroughtusintogreatdanger;andthelabouredandlong-continuedendeavourofourgovernor,Thomas,toprevailwithourQuakerAssemblytopassamilitialaw,andmakeotherprovisionsforthesecurityoftheprovince,havingprovedabortive,Ideterminedtotrywhatmightbedonebyavoluntaryassociationofthepeople.Topromotethis,Ifirstwroteandpublishedapamphlet,entitledPlainTruth,inwhichIstatedourdefencelesssituationinstronglights,withthenecessityofunionanddisciplineforourdefense,andpromis'dtoproposeinafewdaysanassociation,tobegenerallysignedforthatpurpose.Thepamphlethadasuddenandsurprisingeffect.Iwascall'duponfortheinstrumentofassociation,andhavingsettledthedraftofitwithafewfriends,Iappointedameetingofthecitizensinthelargebuildingbeforementioned.Thehousewasprettyfull;Ihadpreparedanumberofprintedcopies,andprovidedpensandinkdispers'dallovertheroom.Iharanguedthemalittleonthesubject,readthepaper,andexplainedit,andthendistributedthecopies,whichwereeagerlysigned,nottheleastobjectionbeingmade.
5Whenthecompanyseparated,andthepaperswerecollected,wefoundabovetwelvehundredhands;and,othercopiesbeingdispersedinthecountry,thesubscribersamountedatlengthtoupwardoftenthousand.Theseallfurnishedthemselvesassoonastheycouldwitharms,formedthemselvesintocompaniesandregiments,chosetheirownofficers,andmeteveryweektobeinstructedinthemanualexercise,andotherpartsofmilitarydiscipline.Thewomen,bysubscriptionsamongthemselves,providedsilkcolors,whichtheypresentedtothecompanies,paintedwithdifferentdevicesandmottos,whichIsupplied.
6TheofficersofthecompaniescomposingthePhiladelphiaregiment,beingmet,chosemefortheircolonel;but,conceivingmyselfunfit,Ideclin'dthatstation,andrecommendedMr.Lawrence,afineperson,andmanofinfluence,whowasaccordinglyappointed.Ithenpropos'dalotterytodefraytheexpenseofbuildingabatterybelowthetown,andfurnishingitwithcannon.Itfilledexpeditiously,andthebatterywassoonerected,themerlonsbeingfram'doflogsandfill'dwithearth.WeboughtsomeoldcannonfromBoston,but,thesenotbeingsufficient,wewrotetoEnglandformore,soliciting,atthesametime,ourproprietariesforsomeassistance,tho'withoutmuchexpectationofobtainingit.
7Meanwhile,ColonelLawrence,WilliamAllen,AbramTaylor,Esqr.,andmyselfweresenttoNewYorkbytheassociators,commission'dtoborrowsomecannonofGovernorClinton.Heatfirstrefus'dusperemptorily;butatdinnerwithhiscouncil,wheretherewasgreatdrinkingofMadeirawine,asthecustomofthatplacethenwas,hesoftenedbydegrees,andsaidhewouldlendussix.Afterafewmorebumpersheadvanc'dtoten;andatlengthheverygood-naturedlyconcededeighteen.Theywerefinecannon,eighteen-pounders,withtheircarriages,whichwesoontransportedandmountedonourbattery,wheretheassociatorskeptanightlyguardwhilethewarlasted,andamongtherestIregularlytookmyturnofdutythereasacommonsoldier.
8Myactivityintheseoperationswasagreeabletothegovernorandcouncil;theytookmeintoconfidence,andIwasconsultedbythemineverymeasurewhereintheirconcurrencewasthoughtusefultotheassociation.Callingintheaidofreligion,Ipropos'dtothemtheproclaimingafast,topromotereformation,andimploretheblessingofHeavenonourundertaking.Theyembrac'dthemotion;but,asitwasthefirstfasteverthoughtofintheprovince,thesecretaryhadnoprecedentfromwhichtodrawtheproclamation.MyeducationinNewEngland,whereafastisproclaimedeveryyear,washereofsomeadvantage:Idrewitintheaccustomedstile,itwastranslatedintoGerman,printedinbothlanguages,anddivulg'dthro'theprovince.Thisgavetheclergyofthedifferentsectsanopportunityofinfluencingtheircongregationstojoinintheassociation,anditwouldprobablyhavebeengeneralamongallbutQuakersifthepeacehadnotsooninterven'd.
9Itwasthoughtbysomeofmyfriendsthat,bymyactivityintheseaffairs,Ishouldoffendthatsect,andtherebylosemyinterestintheAssemblyoftheprovince,wheretheyformedagreatmajority.AyounggentlemanwhohadlikewisesomefriendsintheHouse,andwishedtosucceedmeastheirclerk,acquaintedmethatitwasdecidedtodisplacemeatthenextelection;andhe,therefore,ingoodwill,advis'dmetoresign,asmoreconsistentwithmyhonourthanbeingturn'dout.Myanswertohimwas,thatIhadreadorheardofsomepublicmanwhomadeitarulenevertoaskforanoffice,andnevertorefuseonewhenoffer'dtohim."Iapprove,"saysI,"ofhisrule,andwillpracticeitwithasmalladdition;Ishallneverask,neverrefuse,noreverresignanoffice.Iftheywillhavemyofficeofclerktodisposeoftoanother,theyshalltakeitfromme.Iwillnot,bygivingitup,losemyrightofsometimeorothermakingreprisalsonmyadversaries."Iheard,however,nomoreofthis;Iwaschosenagainunanimouslyasusualatthenextelection.Possibly,astheydislik'dmylateintimacywiththemembersofcouncil,whohadjoin'dthegovernorsinallthedisputesaboutmilitarypreparations,withwhichtheHousehadlongbeenharass'd,theymighthavebeenpleas'difIwouldvoluntarilyhaveleftthem;buttheydidnotcaretodisplacemeonaccountmerelyofmyzealfortheassociation,andtheycouldnotwellgiveanotherreason.
10IndeedIhadsomecausetobelievethatthedefenseofthecountrywasnotdisagreeabletoanyofthem,providedtheywerenotrequir'dtoassistinit.AndIfoundthatamuchgreaternumberofthemthanIcouldhaveimagined,tho'againstoffensivewar,wereclearlyforthedefensive.Manypamphletsproandconwerepublish'donthesubject,andsomebygoodQuakers,infavourofdefense,whichIbelieveconvinc'dmostoftheiryoungerpeople.
11Atransactioninourfirecompanygavemesomeinsightintotheirprevailingsentiments.Ithadbeenpropos'dthatweshouldencouragetheschemeforbuildingabatterybylayingoutthepresentstock,thenaboutsixtypounds,inticketsofthelottery.Byourrules,nomoneycouldbedispos'doftillthenextmeetingaftertheproposal.Thecompanyconsistedofthirtymembers,ofwhichtwenty-twowereQuakers,andeightonlyofotherpersuasions.Weeightpunctuallyattendedthemeeting;but,tho'wethoughtthatsomeoftheQuakerswouldjoinus,wewerebynomeanssureofamajority.OnlyoneQuaker,Mr.JamesMorris,appear'dtoopposethemeasure.Heexpressedmuchsorrowthatithadeverbeenpropos'd,ashesaidFriendswereallagainstit,anditwouldcreatesuchdiscordasmightbreakupthecompany.Wetoldhimthatwesawnoreasonforthat;weweretheminority,andifFriendswereagainstthemeasure,andoutvotedus,wemustandshould,agreeablytotheusageofallsocieties,submit.Whenthehourforbusinessarriv'ditwasmov'dtoputthevote;heallow'dwemightthendoitbytherules,but,ashecouldassureusthatanumberofmembersintendedtobepresentforthepurposeofopposingit,itwouldbebutcandidtoallowalittletimefortheirappearing.
12Whileweweredisputingthis,awaitercametotellmetwogentlemenbelowdesir'dtospeakwithme.Iwentdown,andfoundtheyweretwoofourQuakermembers.Theytoldmetherewereeightofthemassembledatatavernjustby;thattheyweredetermin'dtocomeandvotewithusifthereshouldbeoccasion,whichtheyhop'dwouldnotbethecase,anddesir'dwewouldnotcallfortheirassistanceifwecoulddowithoutit,astheirvotingforsuchameasuremightembroilthemwiththeireldersandfriends.Beingthussecureofamajority,Iwentup,andafteralittleseeminghesitation,agreedtoadelayofanotherhour.ThisMr.Morrisallow'dtobeextreamlyfair.Notoneofhisopposingfriendsappear'd,atwhichheexpress'dgreatsurprize;and,attheexpirationofthehour,wecarry'dtheresolutioneighttoone;andas,ofthetwenty-twoQuakers,eightwerereadytovotewithus,andthirteen,bytheirabsence,manifestedthattheywerenotinclin'dtoopposethemeasure,IafterwardestimatedtheproportionofQuakerssincerelyagainstdefenseasonetotwenty-oneonly;forthesewereallregularmembersofthatsociety,andingoodreputationamongthem,andhadduenoticeofwhatwaspropos'datthatmeeting.
13ThehonorableandlearnedMr.Logan,whohadalwaysbeenofthatsect,wasonewhowroteanaddresstothem,declaringhisapprobationofdefensivewar,andsupportinghisopinionbymanystrongarguments.Heputintomyhandssixtypoundstobelaidoutinlotteryticketsforthebattery,withdirectionstoapplywhatprizesmightbedrawnwhollytothatservice.Hetoldmethefollowinganecdoteofhisoldmaster,WilliamPenn,respectingdefense.HecameoverfromEngland,whenayoungman,withthatproprietary,andashissecretary.Itwaswar-time,andtheirshipwaschas'dbyanarmedvessel,suppos'dtobeanenemy.Theircaptainprepar'dfordefense;buttoldWilliamPennandhiscompanyofQuakers,thathedidnotexpecttheirassistance,andtheymightretireintothecabin,whichtheydid,exceptJamesLogan,whochosetostayupondeck,andwasquarter'dtoagun.Thesuppos'denemyprov'dafriend,sotherewasnofighting;butwhenthesecretarywentdowntocommunicatetheintelligence,WilliamPennrebuk'dhimseverelyforstayingupondeck,andundertakingtoassistindefendingthevessel,contrarytotheprinciplesofFriends,especiallyasithadnotbeenrequiredbythecaptain.Thisreproof,beingbeforeallthecompany,piqu'dthesecretary,whoanswer'd,"Ibeingthyservant,whydidtheenotordermetocomedown?ButtheewaswillingenoughthatIshouldstayandhelptofighttheshipwhentheethoughttherewasdanger."
14MybeingmanyyearsintheAssembly,themajorityofwhichwereconstantlyQuakers,gavemefrequentopportunitiesofseeingtheembarrassmentgiventhembytheirprincipleagainstwar,wheneverapplicationwasmadetothem,byorderofthecrown,tograntaidsformilitarypurposes.Theywereunwillingtooffendgovernment,ontheonehand,byadirectrefusal;andtheirfriends,thebodyoftheQuakers,ontheother,byacompliancecontrarytotheirprinciples;henceavarietyofevasionstoavoidcomplying,andmodesofdisguisingthecompliancewhenitbecameunavoidable.Thecommonmodeatlastwas,tograntmoneyunderthephraseofitsbeing"fortheking'suse,"andnevertoinquirehowitwasapplied.
15But,ifthedemandwasnotdirectlyfromthecrown,thatphrasewasfoundnotsoproper,andsomeotherwastobeinvented.As,whenpowderwaswanting(IthinkitwasforthegarrisonatLouisburg),andthegovernmentofNewEnglandsolicitedagrantofsomefromPennsilvania,whichwasmuchurg'dontheHousebyGovernorThomas,theycouldnotgrantmoneytobuypowder,becausethatwasaningredientofwar;buttheyvotedanaidtoNewEnglandof?3,000,toheputintothehandsofthegovernor,andappropriateditforthepurchasingofbread,flour,wheat,orothergrain.Someofthecouncil,desirousofgivingtheHousestillfurtherembarrassment,advis'dthegovernornottoacceptprovision,asnotbeingthethinghehaddemanded;butbereply'd,"Ishalltakethemoney,forIunderstandverywelltheirmeaning;othergrainisgunpowder,"whichheaccordinglybought,andtheyneverobjectedtoit.
16Itwasinallusiontothisfactthat,wheninourfirecompanywefearedthesuccessofourproposalinfavourofthelottery,andIhadsaidtomyfriendMr.Syng,oneofourmembers,"Ifwefail,letusmovethepurchaseofafire-enginewiththemoney;theQuakerscanhavenoobjectiontothat;andthen,ifyounominatemeandIyouasacommitteeforthatpurpose,wewillbuyagreatgun,whichiscertainlyafire-engine.""Isee,"sayshe,"youhaveimprov'dbybeingsolongintheAssembly;yourequivocalprojectwouldbejustamatchfortheirwheatorothergrain."
17TheseembarrassmentsthattheQuakerssuffer'dfromhavingestablish'dandpublisheditasoneoftheirprinciplesthatnokindofwarwaslawful,andwhich,beingoncepublished,theycouldnotafterwards,howevertheymightchangetheirminds,easilygetridof,remindsmeofwhatIthinkamoreprudentconductinanothersectamongus,thatoftheDunkers.Iwasacquaintedwithoneofitsfounders,MichaelWelfare,soonafteritappear'd.Hecomplain'dtomethattheyweregrievouslycalumniatedbythezealotsofotherpersuasions,andcharg'dwithabominableprinciplesandpractices,towhichtheywereutterstrangers.Itoldhimthishadalwaysbeenthecasewithnewsects,andthat,toputastoptosuchabuse,Iimagin'ditmightbewelltopublishthearticlesoftheirbelief,andtherulesoftheirdiscipline.Hesaidthatithadbeenpropos'damongthem,butnotagreedto,forthisreason:"Whenwewerefirstdrawntogetherasasociety,"sayshe,"ithadpleasedGodtoenlightenourmindssofarastoseethatsomedoctrines,whichweonceesteemedtruths,wereerrors;andthatothers,whichwehadesteemederrors,wererealtruths.FromtimetotimeHehasbeenpleasedtoaffordusfartherlight,andourprincipleshavebeenimproving,andourerrorsdiminishing.Nowwearenotsurethatwearearrivedattheendofthisprogression,andattheperfectionofspiritualortheologicalknowledge;andwefearthat,ifweshouldonceprintourconfessionoffaith,weshouldfeelourselvesasifboundandconfin'dbyit,andperhapsbeunwillingtoreceivefartherimprovement,andoursuccessorsstillmoreso,asconceivingwhatwetheireldersandfoundershaddone,tobesomethingsacred,nevertobedepartedfrom."
18Thismodestyinasectisperhapsasingularinstanceinthehistoryofmankind,everyothersectsupposingitselfinpossessionofalltruth,andthatthosewhodifferaresofarinthewrong;likeamantravelinginfoggyweather,thoseatsomedistancebeforehimontheroadheseeswrappedupinthefog,aswellasthosebehindhim,andalsothepeopleinthefieldsoneachside,butnearhimallappearsclear,tho'intruthheisasmuchinthefogasanyofthem.Toavoidthiskindofembarrassment,theQuakershaveoflateyearsbeengraduallydecliningthepublicserviceintheAssemblyandinthemagistracy,choosingrathertoquittheirpowerthantheirprinciple.
19Inorderoftime,Ishouldhavementionedbefore,thathaving,in1742,inventedanopenstoveforthebetterwarmingofrooms,andatthesametimesavingfuel,asthefreshairadmittedwaswarmedinentering,ImadeapresentofthemodeltoMr.RobertGrace,oneofmyearlyfriends,who,havinganiron-furnace,foundthecastingoftheplatesforthesestovesaprofitablething,astheyweregrowingindemand.Topromotethatdemand,Iwroteandpublishedapamphlet,entitledAnAccountofthenew-inventedPennsylvaniaFireplaces;WhereintheirConstructionandMannerofOperationisParticularlyExplained;theirAdvantagesAboveEveryOtherMethodofWarmingRoomsDemonstrated;andallObjectionsThatHaveBeenRaisedagainsttheUseofThemAnsweredandObviated,etc.Thispamphlethadagoodeffect.Gov'r.Thomaswassopleas'dwiththeconstructionofthisstove,asdescribedinit,thatheofferedtogivemeapatentforthesolevendingofthemforatermofyears;butIdeclin'ditfromaprinciplewhichhaseverweighedwithmeonsuchoccasions,viz.,that,asweenjoygreatadvantagesfromtheinventionsofothers,weshouldbegladofanopportunitytoserveothersbyanyinventionofours;andthisweshoulddofreelyandgenerously.
20AnironmongerinLondonhowever,assumingagooddealofmypamphlet,andworkingitupintohisown,andmakingsomesmallchangesinthemachine,whichratherhurtitsoperation,gotapatentforitthere,andmade,asIwastold,alittlefortunebyit.Andthisisnottheonlyinstanceofpatentstakenoutformyinventionsbyothers,tho'notalwayswiththesamesuccess,whichInevercontested,ashavingnodesireofprofitingbypatentsmyself,andhatingdisputes.Theuseofthesefireplacesinverymanyhouses,bothofthisandtheneighbouringcolonies,hasbeen,andis,agreatsavingofwoodtotheinhabitants.
21Peacebeingconcluded,andtheassociationbusinessthereforeatanend,Iturn'dmythoughtsagaintotheaffairofestablishinganacademy.ThefirststepItookwastoassociateinthedesignanumberofactivefriends,ofwhomtheJuntofurnishedagoodpart;thenextwastowriteandpublishapamphlet,entitledProposalsRelatingtotheEducationofYouthinPennsylvania.ThisIdistributedamongtheprincipalinhabitantsgratis;andassoonasIcouldsupposetheirmindsalittlepreparedbytheperusalofit,Isetonfootasubscriptionforopeningandsupportinganacademy;itwastobepaidinquotasyearlyforfiveyears;bysodividingit,Ijudg'dthesubscriptionmightbelarger,andIbelieveitwasso,amountingtonoless,ifIrememberright,than?5,000.
22Intheintroductiontotheseproposals,Istatedtheirpublication,notasanactofmine,butofsomepublick-spiritedgentlemen,avoidingasmuchasIcould,accordingtomyusualrule,thepresentingmyselftothepublickastheauthorofanyschemefortheirbenefit.
23Thesubscribers,tocarrytheprojectintoimmediateexecution,choseoutoftheirnumbertwenty-fourtrustees,andappointedMr.Francis,thenattorney-general,andmyselftodrawupconstitutionsforthegovernmentoftheacademy;whichbeingdoneandsigned,ahousewashired,mastersengag'd,andtheschoolsopened,Ithink,inthesameyear,1749.
24Thescholarsincreasingfast,thehousewassoonfoundtoosmall,andwewerelookingoutforapieceofground,properlysituated,withintentiontobuild,whenProvidencethrewintoourwayalargehousereadybuilt,which,withafewalterations,mightwellserveourpurpose.Thiswasthebuildingbeforementioned,erectedbythehearersofMr.Whitefield,andwasobtainedforusinthefollowingmanner.
25Itistobenotedthatthecontributionstothisbuildingbeingmadebypeopleofdifferentsects,carewastakeninthenominationoftrustees,inwhomthebuildingandgroundwastobevested,thatapredominancyshouldnotbegiventoanysect,lestintimethatpredominancymightbeameansofappropriatingthewholetotheuseofsuchsect,contrarytotheoriginalintention.Itwasthereforethatoneofeachsectwasappointed,viz.,oneChurch-of-Englandman,onePresbyterian,oneBaptist,oneMoravian,etc.,those,incaseofvacancybydeath,weretofillitbyelectionfromamongthecontributors.TheMoravianhappen'dnottopleasehiscolleagues,andonhisdeaththeyresolvedtohavenootherofthatsect.Thedifficultythenwas,howtoavoidhavingtwoofsomeothersect,bymeansofthenewchoice.
26Severalpersonswerenamed,andforthatreasonnotagreedto.Atlengthonemention'dme,withtheobservationthatIwasmerelyanhonestman,andofnosectatall,whichprevail'dwiththemtochuseme.Theenthusiasmwhichexistedwhenthehousewasbuilthadlongsinceabated,anditstrusteeshadnotbeenabletoprocurefreshcontributionsforpayingtheground-rent,anddischargingsomeotherdebtsthebuildinghadoccasion'd,whichembarrass'dthemgreatly.Beingnowamemberofbothsettsoftrustees,thatforthebuildingandthatfortheAcademy,Ihadagoodopportunityofnegotiatingwithboth,andbroughtthemfinallytoanagreement,bywhichthetrusteesforthebuildingweretocedeittothoseoftheacademy,thelatterundertakingtodischargethedebt,tokeepforeveropeninthebuildingalargehallforoccasionalpreachers,accordingtotheoriginalintention,andmaintainafree-schoolfortheinstructionofpoorchildren.Writingswereaccordinglydrawn,andonpayingthedebtsthetrusteesoftheacademywereputinpossessionofthepremises;andbydividingthegreatandloftyhallintostories,anddifferentroomsaboveandbelowfortheseveralschools,andpurchasingsomeadditionalground,thewholewassoonmadefitforourpurpose,andthescholarsremov'dintothebuilding.Thecareandtroubleofagreeingwiththeworkmen,purchasingmaterials,andsuperintendingthework,felluponme;andIwentthro'itthemorecheerfully,asitdidnottheninterferewithmyprivatebusiness,havingtheyearbeforetakenaveryable,industrious,andhonestpartner,Mr.DavidHall,withwhosecharacterIwaswellacquainted,ashehadwork'dformefouryears.Hetookoffmyhandsallcareoftheprinting-office,payingmepunctuallymyshareoftheprofits.Thispartnershipcontinuedeighteenyears,successfullyforusboth.
27Thetrusteesoftheacademy,afterawhile,wereincorporatedbyacharterfromthegovernor;theirfundswereincreas'dbycontributionsinBritainandgrantsoflandfromtheproprietaries,towhichtheAssemblyhassincemadeconsiderableaddition;andthuswasestablishedthepresentUniversityofPhiladelphia.Ihavebeencontinuedoneofitstrusteesfromthebeginning,nownearfortyyears,andhavehadtheverygreatpleasureofseeinganumberoftheyouthwhohavereceiv'dtheireducationinit,distinguish'dbytheirimprov'dabilities,serviceableinpublicstationsandornamentstotheircountry.
28WhenIdisengagedmyself,asabovementioned,fromprivatebusiness,Iflatter'dmyselfthat,bythesufficienttho'moderatefortuneIhadacquir'd,Ihadsecuredleisureduringtherestofmylifeforphilosophicalstudiesandamusements.IpurchasedallDr.Spence'sapparatus,whohadcomefromEnglandtolecturehere,andIproceededinmyelectricalexperimentswithgreatalacrity;butthepublick,nowconsideringmeasamanofleisure,laidholdofmefortheirpurposes,everypartofourcivilgovernment,andalmostatthesametime,imposingsomedutyuponme.Thegovernorputmeintothecommissionofthepeace;thecorporationofthecitychosemeofthecommoncouncil,andsoonafteranalderman;andthecitizensatlargechosemeaburgesstorepresenttheminAssembly.Thislatterstationwasthemoreagreeabletome,asIwasatlengthtiredwithsittingtheretoheardebates,inwhich,asclerk,Icouldtakenopart,andwhichwereoftensounentertainingthatIwasinduc'dtoamusemyselfwithmakingmagicsquaresorcircles,oranythingtoavoidweariness;andIconceiv'dmybecomingamemberwouldenlargemypowerofdoinggood.Iwouldnot,however,insinuatethatmyambitionwasnotflatter'dbyallthesepromotions;itcertainlywas;for,consideringmylowbeginning,theyweregreatthingstome;andtheywerestillmorepleasing,asbeingsomanyspontaneoustestimoniesofthepublicgoodopinion,andbymeentirelyunsolicited.
29TheofficeofjusticeofthepeaceItry'dalittle,byattendingafewcourts,andsittingonthebenchtohearcauses;butfindingthatmoreknowledgeofthecommonlawthanIpossess'dwasnecessarytoactinthatstationwithcredit,Igraduallywithdrewfromit,excusingmyselfbymybeingoblig'dtoattendthehigherdutiesofalegislatorintheAssembly.Myelectiontothistrustwasrepeatedeveryyearfortenyears,withoutmyeveraskinganyelectorforhisvote,orsignifying,eitherdirectlyorindirectly,anydesireofbeingchosen.OntakingmyseatintheHouse,mysonwasappointedtheirclerk.
30Theyearfollowing,atreatybeingtobeheldwiththeIndiansatCarlisle,thegovernorsentamessagetotheHouse,proposingthattheyshouldnominatesomeoftheirmembers,tobejoin'dwithsomemembersofcouncil,ascommissionersforthatpurpose.TheHousenamedthespeaker(Mr.Norris)andmyself;and,beingcommission'd,wewenttoCarlisle,andmettheIndiansaccordingly.
31Asthosepeopleareextreamlyapttogetdrunk,and,whenso,areveryquarrelsomeanddisorderly,westrictlyforbadthesellinganyliquortothem;andwhentheycomplain'dofthisrestriction,wetoldthemthatiftheywouldcontinuesoberduringthetreaty,wewouldgivethemplentyofrumwhenbusinesswasover.Theypromis'dthis,andtheykepttheirpromise,becausetheycouldgetnoliquor,andthetreatywasconductedveryorderly,andconcludedtomutualsatisfaction.Theythenclaim'dandreceiv'dtherum;thiswasintheafternoon;theywerenearonehundredmen,women,andchildren,andwerelodg'dintemporarycabins,builtintheformofasquare,justwithoutthetown.Intheevening,hearingagreatnoiseamongthem,thecommissionerswalk'douttoseewhatwasthematter.Wefoundtheyhadmadeagreatbonfireinthemiddleofthesquare;theywerealldrunk,menandwomen,quarrelingandfighting.Theirdark-colour'dbodies,halfnaked,seenonlybythegloomylightofthebonfire,runningafterandbeatingoneanotherwithfirebrands,accompaniedbytheirhorridyellings,form'dascenethemostresemblingourideasofhellthatcouldwellbeimagin'd;therewasnoappeasingthetumult,andweretiredtoourlodging.Atmidnightanumberofthemcamethunderingatourdoor,demandingmorerum,ofwhichwetooknonotice.
32Thenextday,sensibletheyhadmisbehav'dingivingusthatdisturbance,theysentthreeoftheiroldcounselorstomaketheirapology.Theoratoracknowledg'dthefault,butlaiditupontherum;andthenendeavoredtoexcusetherumbysaying,"TheGreatSpirit,whomadeallthings,madeeverythingforsomeuse,andwhateverusehedesign'danythingfor,thatuseitshouldalwaysbeputto.Now,whenhemaderum,hesaid'LetthisbefortheIndianstogetdrunkwith,'anditmustbeso."And,indeed,ifitbethedesignofProvidencetoextirpatethesesavagesinordertomakeroomforcultivatorsoftheearth,itseemsnotimprobablethatrummaybetheappointedmeans.Ithasalreadyannihilatedallthetribeswhoformerlyinhabitedthesea-coast.
33In1751,Dr.ThomasBond,aparticularfriendofmine,conceivedtheideaofestablishingahospitalinPhiladelphia(averybeneficentdesign,whichhasbeenascrib'dtome,butwasoriginallyhis),forthereceptionandcureofpoorsickpersons,whetherinhabitantsoftheprovinceorstrangers.Hewaszealousandactiveinendeavouringtoprocuresubscriptionsforit,buttheproposalbeinganoveltyinAmerica,andatfirstnotwellunderstood,hemetwithbutsmallsuccess.
34Atlengthhecametomewiththecomplimentthathefoundtherewasnosuchthingascarryingapublic-spiritedprojectthroughwithoutmybeingconcern'dinit."For,"sayshe,"Iamoftenask'dbythosetowhomIproposesubscribing,HaveyouconsultedFranklinuponthisbusiness?Andwhatdoeshethinkofit?AndwhenItellthemthatIhavenot(supposingitratheroutofyourline),theydonotsubscribe,butsaytheywillconsiderofit."Ienquiredintothenatureandprobableutilityofhisscheme,andreceivingfromhimaverysatisfactoryexplanation,Inotonlysubscrib'dtoitmyself,butengag'dheartilyinthedesignofprocuringsubscriptionsfromothers.Previously,however,tothesolicitation,Iendeavouredtopreparethemindsofthepeoplebywritingonthesubjectinthenewspapers,whichwasmyusualcustominsuchcases,butwhichhehadomitted.
35Thesubscriptionsafterwardsweremorefreeandgenerous;but,beginningtoflag,IsawtheywouldbeinsufficientwithoutsomeassistancefromtheAssembly,andthereforepropos'dtopetitionforit,whichwasdone.Thecountrymembersdidnotatfirstrelishtheproject;theyobjectedthatitcouldonlybeserviceabletothecity,andthereforethecitizensaloneshouldbeattheexpenseofit;andtheydoubtedwhetherthecitizensthemselvesgenerallyapprov'dofit.Myallegationonthecontrary,thatitmetwithsuchapprobationastoleavenodoubtofourbeingabletoraise?2,000byvoluntarydonations,theyconsideredasamostextravagantsupposition,andutterlyimpossible.
36OnthisIform'dmyplan;andaskingleavetobringinabillforincorporatingthecontributorsaccordingtotheprayeroftheirpetition,andgrantingthemablanksumofmoney,whichleavewasobtainedchieflyontheconsiderationthattheHousecouldthrowthebilloutiftheydidnotlikeit,Idrewitsoastomaketheimportantclauseaconditionalone,viz.,"Andbeitenacted,bytheauthorityaforesaid,thatwhenthesaidcontributorsshallhavemetandchosentheirmanagersandtreasurer,andshallhaveraisedbytheircontributionsacapitalstockof?2,000value(theyearlyinterestofwhichistobeappliedtotheaccommodatingofthesickpoorinthesaidhospital,freeofchargefordiet,attendance,advice,andmedicines),andshallmakethesameappeartothesatisfactionoftheSpeakeroftheAssemblyforthetimebeing,thatthenitshallandmaybelawfulforthesaidspeaker,andbeisherebyrequired,tosignanorderontheprovincialtreasurerforthepaymentof?2,000,intwoyearlypayments,tothetreasurerofthesaidhospital,tobeappliedtothefounding,building,andfinishingofthesame."
37Thisconditioncarriedthebillthrough;forthemembers,whohadoppos'dthegrant,andnowconceiv'dtheymighthavethecreditofbeingcharitablewithouttheexpence,agreedtoitspassage;andthen,insolicitingsubscriptionsamongthepeople,weurg'dtheconditionalpromiseofthelawasanadditionalmotivetogive,sinceeveryman'sdonationwouldbedoubled;thustheclausework'dbothways.Thesubscriptionsaccordinglysoonexceededtherequisitesum,andweclaim'dandreceiv'dthepublicgift,whichenabledustocarrythedesignintoexecution.Aconvenientandhandsomebuildingwassoonerected;theinstitutionhasbyconstantexperiencebeenfounduseful,andflourishestothisday;andIdonotrememberanyofmypoliticalmanoeuvres,thesuccessofwhichgavemeatthetimemorepleasure,orwherein,afterthinkingofit,Imoreeasilyexcus'dmyselfforhavingmadesomeuseofcunning.
38Itwasaboutthistimethatanotherprojector,theRev.GilbertTennent,cametomewitharequestthatIwouldassisthiminprocuringasubscriptionforerectinganewmeeting-house.ItwastohefortheuseofacongregationhehadgatheredamongthePresbyterians,whowereoriginallydisciplesofMr.Whitefield.Unwillingtomakemyselfdisagreeabletomyfellow-citizensbytoofrequentlysolicitingtheircontributions,Iabsolutelyrefus'd.HethendesiredIwouldfurnishhimwithalistofthenamesofpersonsIknewbyexperiencetobegenerousandpublic-spirited.Ithoughtitwouldbeunbecominginme,aftertheirkindcompliancewithmysolicitations,tomarkthemouttobeworriedbyotherbeggars,andthereforerefus'dalsotogivesuchalist.Hethendesir'dIwouldatleastgivehimmyadvice."ThatIwillreadilydo,"saidI;"and,inthefirstplace,Iadviseyoutoapplytoallthosewhomyouknowwillgivesomething;next,tothosewhomyouareuncertainwhethertheywillgiveanythingornot,andshowthemthelistofthosewhohavegiven;and,lastly,donotneglectthosewhoyouaresurewillgivenothing,forinsomeofthemyoumaybemistaken."Helaugh'dandthank'dme,andsaidhewouldtakemyadvice.Hedidso,forheask'dofeverybody,andheobtainedamuchlargersumthanheexpected,withwhichheerectedthecapaciousandveryelegantmeeting-housethatstandsinArch-street.
39Ourcity,tho'laidoutwithabeautifulregularity,thestreetslarge,strait,andcrossingeachotheratrightangles,hadthedisgraceofsufferingthosestreetstoremainlongunpav'd,andinwetweatherthewheelsofheavycarriagesplough'dthemintoaquagmire,sothatitwasdifficulttocrossthem;andindryweatherthedustwasoffensive.Ihadliv'dnearwhatwascall'dtheJerseyMarket,andsawwithpaintheinhabitantswadinginmudwhilepurchasingtheirprovisions.Astripofgrounddownthemiddleofthatmarketwasatlengthpav'dwithbrick,sothat,beingonceinthemarket,theyhadfirmfooting,butwereoftenovershoesindirttogetthere.Bytalkingandwritingonthesubject,Iwasatlengthinstrumentalingettingthestreetpav'dwithstonebetweenthemarketandthebrick'dfoot-pavement,thatwasoneachsidenextthehouses.This,forsometime,gaveaneasyaccesstothemarketdry-shod;but,therestofthestreetnotbeingpav'd,wheneveracarriagecameoutofthemuduponthispavement,itshookoffandleftitsdirtuponit,anditwassooncover'dwithmire,whichwasnotremov'd,thecityasyethavingnoscavengers.
40AftersomeinquiryIfoundapoorindustriousman,whowaswillingtoundertakekeepingthepavementclean,bysweepingittwiceaweek,carryingoffthedirtfrombeforealltheneighbours'doors,forthesumofsixpencepermonth,tobepaidbyeachhouse.Ithenwroteandprintedapapersettingforththeadvantagestotheneighbourhoodthatmightbeobtain'dbythissmallexpense;thegreatereaseinkeepingourhousesclean,somuchdirtnotbeingbroughtinbypeople'sfeet;thebenefittotheshopsbymorecustom,etc.,etc.,asbuyerscouldmoreeasilygetatthem;andbynothaving,inwindyweather,thedustblowninupontheirgoods,etc.,etc.Isentoneofthesepaperstoeachhouse,andinadayortwowentroundtoseewhowouldsubscribeanagreementtopaythesesixpences;itwasunanimouslysign'd,andforatimewellexecuted.Alltheinhabitantsofthecityweredelightedwiththecleanlinessofthepavementthatsurroundedthemarket,itbeingaconveniencetoall,andthisrais'dageneraldesiretohaveallthestreetspaved,andmadethepeoplemorewillingtosubmittoataxforthatpurpose.
41AftersometimeIdrewabillforpavingthecity,andbroughtitintotheAssembly.ItwasjustbeforeIwenttoEngland,in1757,anddidnotpasstillIwasgone,andthenwithanalterationinthemodeofassessment,whichIthoughtnotforthebetter,butwithanadditionalprovisionforlightingaswellaspavingthestreets,whichwasagreatimprovement.Itwasbyaprivateperson,thelateMr.JohnClifton,hisgivingasampleoftheutilityoflamps,byplacingoneathisdoor,thatthepeoplewerefirstimpress'dwiththeideaofenlightingallthecity.Thehonourofthispublicbenefithasalsobeenascrib'dtomebutitbelongstrulytothatgentleman.Ididbutfollowhisexample,andhaveonlysomemerittoclaimrespectingtheformofourlamps,asdifferingfromtheglobelampswewereatfirstsupply'dwithfromLondon.Thosewefoundinconvenientintheserespects:theyadmittednoairbelow;thesmoke,therefore,didnotreadilygooutabove,butcirculatedintheglobe,lodg'donitsinside,andsoonobstructedthelighttheywereintendedtoafford;giving,besides,thedailytroubleofwipingthemclean;andanaccidentalstrokeononeofthemwoulddemolishit,andrenderittotallyuseless.Ithereforesuggestedthecomposingthemoffourflatpanes,withalongfunnelabovetodrawupthesmoke,andcrevicesadmittingairbelow,tofacilitatetheascentofthesmoke;bythismeanstheywerekeptclean,anddidnotgrowdarkinafewhours,astheLondonlampsdo,butcontinu'dbrighttillmorning,andanaccidentalstrokewouldgenerallybreakbutasinglepane,easilyrepair'd.
42Ihavesometimeswonder'dthattheLondonersdidnot,fromtheeffectholesinthebottomoftheglobelampsus'datVauxhallhaveinkeepingthemclean,learntohavesuchholesintheirstreetlamps.But,theseholesbeingmadeforanotherpurpose,viz.,tocommunicateflamemoresuddenlytothewickbyalittleflaxhangingdownthro'them,theotheruse,oflettinginair,seemsnottohavebeenthoughtof;andtherefore,afterthelampshavebeenlitafewhours,thestreetsofLondonareverypoorlyilluminated.
43ThementionoftheseimprovementsputsmeinmindofoneIpropos'd,wheninLondon,toDr.Fothergill,whowasamongthebestmenIhaveknown,andagreatpromoterofusefulprojects.Ihadobserv'dthatthestreets,whendry,wereneverswept,andthelightdustcarriedaway;butitwassuffer'dtoaccumulatetillwetweatherreduc'dittomud,andthen,afterlyingsomedayssodeeponthepavementthattherewasnocrossingbutinpathskeptcleanbypoorpeoplewithbrooms,itwaswithgreatlabourrak'dtogetherandthrownupintocartsopenabove,thesidesofwhichsuffer'dsomeoftheslushateveryjoltonthepavementtoshakeoutandfall,sometimestotheannoyanceoffoot-passengers.Thereasongivenfornotsweepingthedustystreetswas,thatthedustwouldflyintothewindowsofshopsandhouses.
44Anaccidentaloccurrencehadinstructedmehowmuchsweepingmightbedoneinalittletime.IfoundatmydoorinCraven-street,onemorning,apoorwomansweepingmypavementwithabirchbroom;sheappearedverypaleandfeeble,asjustcomeoutofafitofsickness.Iask'dwhoemploy'dhertosweepthere;shesaid,"Nobody,butIamverypoorandindistress,andIsweepsbeforegentlefolksesdoors,andhopestheywillgivemesomething."Ibidhersweepthewholestreetclean,andIwouldgiveherashilling;thiswasatnineo'clock;at12shecamefortheshilling.FromtheslownessIsawatfirstinherworking,Icouldscarcebelievethattheworkwasdonesosoon,andsentmyservanttoexamineit,whoreportedthatthewholestreetwassweptperfectlyclean,andallthedustplac'dinthegutter,whichwasinthemiddle;andthenextrainwash'ditquiteaway,sothatthepavementandeventhekennelwereperfectlyclean.
45Ithenjudg'dthat,ifthatfeeblewomancouldsweepsuchastreetinthreehours,astrong,activemanmighthavedoneitinhalfthetime.Andhereletmeremarktheconvenienceofhavingbutonegutterinsuchanarrowstreet,runningdownitsmiddle,insteadoftwo,oneoneachside,nearthefootway;forwherealltherainthatfallsonastreetrunsfromthesidesandmeetsinthemiddle,itformsthereacurrentstrongenoughtowashawayallthemuditmeetswith;butwhendividedintotwochannels,itisoftentooweaktocleanseeither,andonlymakesthemuditfindsmorefluid,sothatthewheelsofcarriagesandfeetofhorsesthrowanddashituponthefoot-pavement,whichistherebyrenderedfoulandslippery,andsometimessplashituponthosewhoarewalking.Myproposal,communicatedtothegooddoctor,wasasfollows:
46ForthemoreeffectualcleaningandkeepingcleanthestreetsofLondonandWestminster,itisproposedthattheseveralwatchmenbecontractedwithtohavethedustsweptupindryseasons,andthemudrak'dupatothertimes,eachintheseveralstreetsandlanesofhisround;thattheybefurnish'dwithbroomsandotherproperinstrumentsforthesepurposes,tobekeptattheirrespectivestands,readytofurnishthepoorpeopletheymayemployintheservice.Thatinthedrysummermonthsthedustbeallsweptupintoheapsatproperdistances,beforetheshopsandwindowsofhousesareusuallyopened,whenthescavengers,withclose-coveredcarts,shallalsocarryitallaway.
47Thatthemud,whenrak'dup,benotleftinheapstobespreadabroadagainbythewheelsofcarriagesandtramplingofhorses,butthatthescavengersbeprovidedwithbodiesofcarts,notplac'dhighuponwheels,butlowuponsliders,withlatticebottoms,which,beingcover'dwithstraw,willretainthemudthrownintothem,andpermitthewatertodrainfromit,wherebyitwillbecomemuchlighter,watermakingthegreatestpartofitsweight;thesebodiesofcartstobeplac'datconvenientdistances,andthemudbroughttotheminwheel-barrows;theyremainingwhereplac'dtillthemudisdrain'd,andthenhorsesbroughttodrawthemaway.
48Ihavesincehaddoubtsofthepracticabilityofthelatterpartofthisproposal,onaccountofthenarrownessofsomestreets,andthedifficultyofplacingthedraining-sledssoasnottoencumbertoomuchthepassage;butIamstillofopinionthattheformer,requiringthedusttobesweptupandcarry'dawaybeforetheshopsareopen,isverypracticableinthesummer,whenthedaysarelong;for,inwalkingthro'theStrandandFleet-streetonemorningatseveno'clock,Iobserv'dtherewasnotoneshopopen,tho'ithadbeendaylightandthesunupabovethreehours;theinhabitantsofLondonchusingvoluntarilytolivemuchbycandle-light,andsleepbysunshine,andyetoftencomplain,alittleabsurdly,ofthedutyoncandlesandthehighpriceoftallow.
49Somemaythinkthesetriflingmattersnotworthmindingorrelating;butwhentheyconsiderthattho'dustblownintotheeyesofasingleperson,orintoasingleshoponawindyday,isbutofsmallimportance,yetthegreatnumberoftheinstancesinapopulouscity,anditsfrequentrepetitionsgiveitweightandconsequence,perhapstheywillnotcensureveryseverelythosewhobestowsomeattentiontoaffairsofthisseeminglylownature.Humanfelicityisproduc'dnotsomuchbygreatpiecesofgoodfortunethatseldomhappen,asbylittleadvantagesthatoccureveryday.Thus,ifyouteachapooryoungmantoshavehimself,andkeephisrazorinorder,youmaycontributemoretothehappinessofhislifethaningivinghimathousandguineas.Themoneymaybesoonspent,theregretonlyremainingofhavingfoolishlyconsumedit;butintheothercase,heescapesthefrequentvexationofwaitingforbarbers,andoftheirsometimesdirtyfingers,offensivebreaths,anddullrazors;heshaveswhenmostconvenienttohim,andenjoysdailythepleasureofitsbeingdonewithagoodinstrument.WiththesesentimentsIhavehazardedthefewprecedingpages,hopingtheymayaffordhintswhichsometimeorothermaybeusefultoacityIlove,havinglivedmanyyearsinitveryhappily—andperhapstosomeofourtownsinAmerica.
50Havingbeenforsometimeemployedbythepostmaster-generalofAmericaashiscomptrollerinregulatingseveraloffices,andbringingtheofficerstoaccount,Iwas,uponhisdeathin1753,appointed,jointlywithMr.WilliamHunter,tosucceedhim,byacommissionfromthepostmaster-generalinEngland.TheAmericanofficeneverhadhithertopaidanythingtothatofBritain.Weweretohave?600ayearbetweenus,ifwecouldmakethatsumoutoftheprofitsoftheoffice.Todothis,avarietyofimprovementswerenecessary;someofthesewereinevitablyatfirstexpensive,sothatinthefirstfouryearstheofficebecameabove?900indebttous.Butitsoonafterbegantorepayus;andbeforeIwasdisplac'dbyafreakoftheministers,ofwhichIshallspeakhereafter,wehadbroughtittoyieldthreetimesasmuchclearrevenuetothecrownasthepostofficeofIreland.Sincethatimprudenttransaction,theyhavereceiv'dfromit—notonefarthing!
51Thebusinessofthepostofficeoccasion'dmytakingajourneythisyeartoNewEngland,wheretheCollegeofCambridge,oftheirownmotion,presentedmewiththedegreeofMasterofArts.YaleCollege,inConnecticut,hadbeforemademeasimilarcompliment.Thus,withoutstudyinginanycollege,Icametopartakeoftheirhonours.Theywereconferr'dinconsiderationofmyimprovementsanddiscoveriesintheelectricbranchofnaturalphilosophy.