第八章
1回到費城後,我看到民兵訓練的事情進行得非常順利,除了教友會教友,其餘的居民幾乎全都加入了進來,按照新的法律他們把自己組成了許多中隊,選出了他們自己上尉、中尉和少尉。B博士來探訪我,他向我說起他為擴大新法影響而做的努力。我還一度認為是我那篇對話錄所起的作用呢,然而,儘管無從取證但我想也許他說的是對的,我讓他保持自己的觀點,在這種情況下這也許是最好的方法。我們民兵聯隊的軍官們開會,他們選我做團長,這次,我沒有推辭接受了這個職位。我忘記了我們到底組了幾個中隊,但是我們閱兵的時候有1200多個雄赳赳,氣昂昂的士兵站在我們面前,還有一個炮兵聯隊裝配有6門質地精良的銅炮,1分鐘內可以連續發射12發炮彈。第一次檢閱我的團隊後,炮兵們送我回家,並且堅持在我家門口放幾個禮炮,表示對我的尊敬,炮彈把我點穴儀器上的幾塊玻璃震了下來摔破了。事實上我這些新榮譽也跟這些玻璃差不多一樣易碎,因為不久以後英國政府廢除了我們的團練法,接著我們的軍銜也被撤消了。
2在我任團長的短短時間內,一次我將出發到維吉尼亞旅行一趟,我團隊中的軍官們認為他們應當護送我出城直到下渡口。當我正在上馬時,他們30、40個人,騎著馬,全體穿著軍服,來到我門前。事前我對此一無所知,否則我會加以勸阻的,因為我生性不喜歡在任何場合炫耀,擺排場。對他們的出現我真是感到萬分懊惱,因為我無法拒絕他們的護送了。使得事情更糟糕的是,當我們上路了後,他們居然拔出了他們的配劍,並且一路上亮劍而行。有人為這件事寫了個報告寄給領主,他大為不樂。他在賓西法尼亞的時候還從來沒有受過這樣隆重的敬禮,他的州長們也從未享受過這樣的禮遇。他說只有王室的親王才配受這樣的敬禮。也許這是真的,但是我不太清楚。不管是過去還是現在,對這樣的禮節我都是門外漢。
3但是這件愚蠢的事使得領主對我的敵意與日俱增。在這以前,由於我在州議會中有關他財產免稅方面的言行,他本來就很恨我了。而且我一直激烈地反對這種免稅,還嚴厲地斥責過他在要求這種特權時所表現的卑鄙無恥的不義行徑。於是他向內閣控告我,說我對完成英王軍務簡直是一個巨大的障礙,說我利用我在州議會中的勢力反對通過合適的籌款議案。他還援引我的軍官們這次列隊護送我的事件作為例證,說明我企圖使用武力從他們手中奪取賓西法尼亞的政權。他還請郵政總長埃弗拉德·福克斯先生免除我的職務;但是他白操心了一場,只得到了埃弗拉德·福克斯爵士的一頓委婉的訓誡而已。
4儘管議長和州議會之間齷齪的交易不斷,作為一個議員,在他們的爭論中我仍承擔著很重要的一份,但是與州長之間我仍保持著一種謙恭有禮的關係,我們之間從未發生過個人的恩怨。有時候我想他之所以對我不抱怨或者很少抱怨可能是職業習慣的結果,因為大家知道對他的咨文的覆文是我執筆的。他受過律師的訓練,他或許認為,我們兩人只是訴訟中雙方的律師而已,他代表領主,而我代表州議會。因此,有時他到我家來,作一次友好探訪,聽聽我對一些疑難問題的意見,有時他也會接受我的忠告,雖然這是很少有的事。
5我們曾共同合作替布萊德多克將軍的部隊採購糧秣。當他失利的可怕消息傳到後,州長十萬火急地,召我去見他,跟他商談防止邊陲居民逃亡的方法。現在我已不記得當時我建議了什麼,但是我想我曾經建議他應當寫信給丹巴,勸他盡可能地暫時把軍隊駐紮在邊境上,以保護邊區居民,等各殖民地的援軍一到,他可以繼續進行征討。如果丹巴和他的部隊忙於攻打其它地區的話,等我從邊境回來以後,他可以命令我調動殖民地軍隊去征伐,去攻佔杜肯堡。他提議任命我任將軍,我對於我的軍事才能的評估比他口頭上對我的評價要低的多,並且我相信他口頭上的評價一定超過了他真正的想法。但是,他認為,也許我的名望會有助於士兵的徵集,我在州議會正的影響也會有助於州議會的撥款支付軍餉,並且或許這項撥款可以免除領主財產的納稅。當他發現我並不像他想像的那樣熱衷於這事的時候,就放棄了這一計劃。不久以後他卸職了,接替他的是丹尼上尉。
6在我敘述在新的州長治理下,我在公共事物方面的活動之前,或許可以插敘一下此段時期內我在哲學研究方面的進步。
1746年,我在波士頓時,遇見了一位思朋斯博士,他剛從蘇格蘭來不久,他做了一些電氣實驗給我看。但是這些實驗做得並不完美,因為他的技術不是很熟練。但是因為這樣的項目對我來說是全新的,所以我對它們感到又驚又喜。回到費城不久,我們圖書館從倫敦皇家協會的一個會員柯立迅先生那裡收到了一個禮物,那就是一根玻璃管,且附有說明書,解釋做這種實驗時玻璃管的使用方法。我十分渴望抓住這樣一個機會,重複我在波士頓所看到的實驗,經過多次練習以後,我也能迅速熟練地做那些在英國寄來的書報中提到的實驗了,同時我添加了幾個新的實驗。我說的經過多次練習,因為在一時期內我家經常客滿為患,人們都跑來看這些新鮮的玩意兒。
7為了讓朋友們也能夠稍稍分擔這樣的負擔,我叫玻璃廠製造了幾根類似的玻璃管。這樣,他們就都有做實驗的設備了,最後我們就有好幾個實驗表演者了。在這些人當中,最主要的一個是金納斯先生,他是我的一個鄰居,那時他剛好失業了,因此,我就鼓勵他通過向人們表演這些實驗來賺些錢,並且給他寫了兩篇講稿,在講稿裡我給他排好了實驗的先後次序,與之同步的實驗方法和說明,以便能幫助人們更好地理解實驗。他為此買了一套漂亮的設備,在這套設備中凡是以前由我自己製造的粗糙的小零件,現在都由儀器製造商做得很漂亮細膩了。他的演講很受歡迎,給人以美的享受;後來他走遍了每個殖民地,在每個重要城鎮表演他的實驗,因此賺了些錢。在西印第安群島,做這樣的實驗有些難度,因為那裡的空氣一般的情況下都很潮濕。
8很感謝柯立迅先生給我們寄來這樣的玻璃試管等其它實驗器材,因此我覺得應該寫封信對他表示我們的謝意,此外告訴他我們在使用這些東西所取得的成功,我就寫了幾封關於我們實驗情況的信給他。他收到後並在皇家協會中宣讀了它們,但是皇家協會一開始並不認為我們的東西值得注意,因此就沒有在他們的刊物中發表。有篇論文,是我寫給金納斯先生的,關於論述閃電和電的同一性問題,我把它寄給了米切爾博士,我的一個老熟人,他也是皇家協會的成員,他寫了一封信給我說他在會上已經宣讀了我的論文,但是卻受到了那些行家的嘲笑。然而,這些論文,被拿給富特吉爾博士看,他認為這些論文很有價值,不應該被埋沒,建議應把它們刊印發表出來。柯立迅先生把它們交給凱夫,交代他在他的《紳士雜誌》上發表;但是凱夫卻把他們印成了單獨的小冊子,富特吉爾博士給寫了序言。凱夫,看來他的生意算盤是撥對了,因為後來陸續加上去了寄過去的論文,這本論文集變成了一本厚厚的四開本,出了五版,可是卻沒花他分文的稿費。
9然而,在一段時期內,這些論文在英國並沒有引起廣泛關注,後來一個偶然的機緣,我的一篇論文落在了布豐伯爵的手裡,他是法國著名的科學家,當然也是全歐洲著名的科學家。他就把它推薦給戴立波特先生,並要他翻譯成法文,在巴黎出版。這一出版卻讓箬萊特神父大為生氣,他是皇家科學的導師。他是個能幹的實驗派科學家,他以前自創了一個電學方面的理論並且發表了,這個理論在當時甚是流行。他起初不敢相信這個理論來自美洲,且說這一定是他的論敵們為了破壞他的理論體繫在巴黎編造出來的。雖然他曾一度懷疑,但後來卻不得不相信,在費城真的有一個叫富蘭克林的傢伙。他寫了並印發了一系列的信件,這主要是寫給我的,他的目的是捍衛他的理論,否認我的實驗以及從我實驗中得出來的確實數據的真實性。
10我曾經想給他回信,而且已經寫好了回信的開頭,但後來我轉念一想,我的論文中講述了實驗的方法,任何人都可以重複檢驗,假如檢驗得有問題,那就用不著為自己辯護了;而我論文裡的觀點僅僅是作為假設提出來的,並不是武斷的教條。因此,我也沒有必要為它去辯護;兩人之間的爭辯,考慮的語言的不同,很有可能是因為翻譯的時候,出現的一個小錯誤而引起的相互間的誤解。這位神父有一封信中的大部分言論就是因為論文中的一個誤譯而引起的,因此我就沒有為這些論文同他爭辯。因為我相信,與其花大把的時間同他做些這樣無謂的爭辯,還不如利用這些時間多做幾個新的實驗。這樣,我就從來沒有給神父回過信,後來的事情證明我這樣做是明智的。因為我的一個朋友,皇家科學協會會員李羅先生站出來為我辯護,駁斥了他的觀點。我的論文集被譯成了意大利文、德文和拉丁文,書中的學說也逐漸地為歐洲的科學家們普遍採納,那神父的學說則被人們拋棄了。在他死之前,他幾乎是孤家寡人一個,除了他的一個高足——巴黎的B先生追隨他以外,剩下的就是他自己了。
11使得我的書突然暢銷引起人們廣泛注意的是書中所說的一個實驗的成功,這是由戴立巴和德羅兩位先生在馬萊做的,這個實驗的目的是為了把雲端的電引到地面上來。這件事在當時引起了轟動,遠近聞名。德羅先生有個實驗室,他還講授實驗科學,重複他所謂的「費城實驗」,在國王和王后面前表演以後,巴黎全城愛看熱鬧的人都蜂擁而至了。我在這裡就不多說這個重要的實驗以及我為之高興的那個實驗了,那是我不久以後在費城用一隻風箏做的一個類似的實驗,這個實驗也取得了成功。因為這兩件事在電學史上都有記載。
12一個英國醫生叫萊特,他在巴黎的時候寫信給他的朋友,他的朋友是一個皇家學會的會員,告訴他國外的學術界對我的實驗非常重視,外國的學者不瞭解為什麼我的著作在英國反而默默無聞。聽到這樣的消息後,皇家學會才重新考慮以前在會中宣讀過的我的論文。著名的華生博士把曾經宣讀過的,和從那時我寄到英國去的一切與電氣有關的論文做了一個簡要的報告,在報告中他對我推崇備至。這個報告就發表在他們皇家學會的會刊上。一些在倫敦的會員,特別是才智聰敏的康東先生,都證實了用一個尖針就可以把雲端的電引下來,他們把結果報給了皇家學會。不久皇家學會就糾正了他們一開始對我忽視的錯誤,後來對我十分優待,並且給了我這樣的榮譽:沒有經過我的申請,他們就自動地選舉我為皇家學會的會員,而且還決定豁免我繳納按慣例要交的會費。會費是25個金幣,此後他們一直免費贈送我他們的會刊。同時還給我頒發1753年高富力·科普林爵士的金質獎章,在頒發獎章的典禮上,學會會長麥克爾勳爵還發表了一篇非常客氣的演說,對我大加讚許,極力推崇。
13上面提到的皇家學會的獎章由我們的新州長丹尼上尉替我帶到美洲來,在費城為他舉行的招待會上,他把獎章贈送給我。在轉交時他對我表達了他的敬意,言語十分客氣熱情,他說他對我的品德仰慕已久了。飯後,當參加宴會的人按照當地的習慣喝酒的時候,他把我拉到另外一間房間裡,告訴我說他在英國的朋友勸他跟我結交,他們說我能給他最好的忠告,能夠輔佐他,使他的政途一帆風順,因此他極願意和我友好相處,他要我知道在任何時候他都願意盡力為我效勞。他還對我說了許多關於領主對賓西法尼亞州有很多好的想法,他說如果能使議會放棄長期以來對領主各項措施的反對意見,使領主和他的臣民能夠言歸於好的話,對我們大家,特別是對我,都會有好處的。能夠促成這一局面形成的,他說,大家都認為非我莫屬,而且我還可以獲得適當的酬謝和報答等等。喝酒的人看到我們遲遲不回席,就叫人送來了一瓶白葡萄酒。州長就大喝了起來,酒喝得越多,他的懇請和允諾也就更多了。
14我對這個目的的回答是:感謝上帝,我的經濟狀況還好,因而也不需要領主給我這些恩惠。同時,作為一個議員,我也不能從州長那裡得到任何恩惠,但,我和領主之間並不存在個人嫌隙,任何時候,只要他提出來的公共措施是符合人民利益的,我一定會比任何人更熱烈地擁護和贊助。我過去之所以會反對,那是因為領主所提出的措施明顯是為領主個人的利益服務的,而且嚴重地損害了人民的利益。我說我對州長對我的好意表示感謝,他可以放心,我將盡我所能使他在執政期間盡可能地順利,同時希望他沒有像他前任那樣帶著不幸的指令來就任,這種指令是他的前任束手無策的。
15在這點上他當時並沒有過多的解釋,但是後來,在議會中處理事物的時候,領主的指令又出現了,爭論於是就又出現了,我又積極投入了反對的那一面中,因為,第一次要求州長把領主指令通知議會的請求是我起草的,以後對於這些指令的意見也是我寫的。這兩個文件都可以在當時的決議案中和我後來發表的歷史記錄中找到。但是,我們私人間卻沒有發生過任何的恩怨,我們常常見面,他是一個學者,到過世界許多地方,談吐十分風趣動人。他是第一個告訴我,我的老友詹姆斯·拉爾夫還活著,他還被認為是英國最卓越的政論家之一,他還在弗雷德裡克親王和國王之間的爭論中服務過,每年拿300鎊的年薪呢,但他作為一個詩人卻沒那麼著名,蒲柏在他的「愚人敘事詩」中曾經攻擊過他的詩,但是他的散文卻被認為是一流的。
16州議會終於發現領主仍執迷不悟地堅持用指令來束縛他們的代理人州長,這種指令不但違反人民的利益,而且對英王的軍務也有妨礙。因此州議會就決定到國王那控告領主,並且指定我做他們的代理人前往英國,提出請願和進行活動。州議會曾經提交了一個議案給州長,要州長批准給國王使用的6萬鎊(其中1萬鎊可由當時的將軍勞登勳爵動用),但是州長按照領主的指令堅決地拒絕通過該項議案。
17我已經和莫裡斯船長商量好了,坐他的船到紐約去,而且我的行李,還有食物等一些日常必需品都已經搬到船上去了,這時,羅登勳爵忽然從費城趕來,他告訴我,他很努力在州長和議會之間斡旋,使得英王的軍務大事不至於因兩者之間的分歧而受到阻礙。因此他要求我和州長同他見面,他要聽到雙方的陳述。我們見了面,討論了這個問題。我代表州議會提出了當時政府文件中指出了各種論爭,那些文件都是我寫的,在州議會的記錄中有記載。州長也為他領主的指示辯護;他必須服從領主發出的訓令,因為他曾允諾過,假如他不遵守的話他的一切也都完了。但是,如果勞登勳爵勸他不遵守這些指令的話,州長好像也不是不願意冒險一試。可是勞登勳爵卻沒有勸他,儘管我認為我差不多都可以說服他了,但最終,勞登勳爵寧可催促議會作出讓步順從州長的意志,他懇求我利用我在州議會中的勢力來達到這個目的,他聲明他不能讓英王分出軍隊來保衛我們殖民地的邊疆,如果我們自己繼續不做防禦準備的話,我們的邊境就必然容易遭受外敵的侵擾。
18我把事情的情勢報告給了州議會,向他們提出了我起草的一系列議決案,在裡面我申明了我們的權利,申明我們不會放棄這種權利,這一次為暴力所迫,我們不得不暫時停止使用這種權利,並且我們對這種暴力提出強烈的抗議。最後議會同意收回原來的議案,另外通過了一個符合領主指令的議案。這個議案州長當然給予了批准,這樣我也可以自由地開始我的旅程。但是,在我們會談的時候,原先我要乘的船已經載著我的旅行用的東西出發了,這對我來說也是一種損失,我得到惟一的酬勞就是勞登勳爵的幾句感謝的話,而所有的功勞全都落入了他的腰包。
19他在我之前就去了紐約;因為郵船出發的時間是由他安排。這時候有兩條船在港內,他說其中有一隻不久就要起航。我就請他告訴我這個確切的時間,以便不會因為我的任何耽擱而錯過了她。他的回復是:「我已經告訴他們讓他們下個星期六出發;但是我應該告訴你,不要告訴別人,你最好是星期一早上到那,你一定要準時去,不要再耽擱了。」由於在渡口有些事的耽擱,我到達的時候已經是星期一的中午了,我非常擔心我又錯過了這次機會,因為這天順風;但是後來我就放心了,因為有人告訴我這船還在港內,明天才出發呢。大家都以為我馬上就要到歐洲去了,我也以為我會很快離開,不過那時我還不是很瞭解他貴族的性格——優柔寡斷是他性格中最強的一個特徵。我會舉一些例子來證明這一點的。我到達紐約大概是4月初的樣子,然後我想大概在6月末左右才出發那時有兩條郵船,都呆在港內很久了,這都是為等將軍的信件而被扣留住了,他總是說信件第二天就可以寫好。又來了一條郵船也被扣留下了,在我們啟航之前,第四條郵船都快要來了。我們的那條船最先出發,因為它留在港內的時間最久了。所有船隻的艙位都定好了,有些旅客等得十分焦急,非常渴望動身,商人們則為他們的信件擔憂,為他們已經付過保證金(因為這是在戰時)的訂購單擔心!不過他們的焦慮是毫無用處的,因為勞登勳爵的信還是沒有寫好;而且每個拜訪他的人都發現他整天拿著筆,伏案疾書,還以為他寫的東西非常多呢。
20有天上午我親自去問候他,在他的會客室裡,我碰見了一個從費城來的使者,名叫伊倪斯,他特地從費城來為丹尼州長送一個小包裹給將軍的。他交給我幾封信,都是我費城朋友寄來的,我就問他什麼時候回去,在什麼地方歇腳,以便我可以托他帶幾封信回去。他說將軍命令他第二天上午九時來取給州長的回信,然後立刻動身。我在當天就把信交給了他。兩星期後我們又在老地方碰到了。我就跟他打招呼:「好啊,你這麼快就又回來了,伊倪斯?」「回來了?!哦,不,我還沒回去呢!」「這是怎麼回事啊?」「這兩個星期以來,我每天上午都奉命在這裡來拿勞登勳爵給州長的信,可是信總沒有寫好。」「這怎麼會呢?他是一個非常勤於動筆的人,我看他每天都坐在案頭上不停地書寫呢!」伊倪斯說:「是呀,但是他活像廣告上的聖喬治一樣,『永遠騎在馬上,卻寸步不前』」。這位使者的觀察看起來很有道理,因為,我在英國的時候就聽說皮特先生撤換這位將軍的理由,就是這位大臣從來都沒有接到過他的報告,無法知道他在幹些什麼。後來就派阿默斯特和烏爾夫兩位將軍接替他。
21由於每天都期待著啟航,而且3艘郵船都要開往桑地·胡克,加入那裡的艦隊隨他們一起出發,所以乘客們都認為最好是呆在船上,免得郵船突然起航而耽誤了行程,所以他們就在艙裡呆著。假如我沒有記錯的話,我們就這樣在船上呆了大概6個星期,消耗了航行用的糧食,又不得不去添購。最後艦隊終於出發了,那位將軍和他的全軍都坐了船到路易堡去,目的是去圍攻和奪取那個要塞,所有隨行的郵船接到命令要保護將軍乘的船,等到他的公文一寫好就可立刻接過來。我們在海上等了5天,才接到一封公文,准許我們離開,這時我們才離開艦隊,第一次開往英國。他繼續扣留著其它的兩隻郵船,把他們帶到哈利法克斯,在那裡他停留了一段時期,訓練他的部隊向假設的炮台進行攻擊演習,接著他就放棄了攻打路易堡的計劃,帶著全部的人馬跟那兩條郵船又回到了紐約!在他不在的那段時間裡,法蘭西人和他的奴隸們就攻下了路易堡,在這個州的邊境上,他們的奴隸們還屠殺了許多已經投降的衛戍隊官兵。
22後來我在倫敦遇見了邦納船長,他當時指揮了其中的一隻郵船,他告訴我說,當他被扣留了一個月以後,他就告訴勞登勳爵他的船底長滿了海藻貝殼等物,已經到了會影響他航行速度的程度,這對郵船來說上是很嚴重的問題,因此,他就請求給他一點時間,以便把船拉起來清除船底。將軍問他需要多少時間,他回答說3天。將軍回答說:「如果你能夠1天就搞好的話,我就答應,否則就不行,因為後天你一定要起航了。」這樣他的請求從未獲得批准,儘管事後這隻船一天又一天地被扣留了足足三個月之久。
23在倫敦我也見到邦納船長的一位乘客,他氣憤極了,因為勞登勳爵欺騙了他把他擱置在倫敦那麼久,後來把他帶到哈里法克斯,又把他帶回來,他發誓他一定會提出訴訟要求賠償。至於後來他有沒有提出訴訟,我就不知道了,不過根據他所說的,他所遭受的損失是相當可觀的。
24大體上講,我很驚奇為什麼像這樣一個人會掌管如此重要的軍政大權。但是後來看多了上層社會的是是非非,以封官賜爵的目的不擇手段地攫取,就不再那麼驚奇了。薛力將軍,他在布萊德多克將軍死後繼任了他的職位,依我看,如果他不被免職的話,在1757年就會取得比勞登更好的戰績。勞登輕舉妄動,奢靡浪費,使我們國家蒙受了難以想像的恥辱。儘管薛力不是一個正規軍人,沒有接受過什麼嚴格的軍事訓練,但他是個明智的,有遠見的人,而且善於聽取別人有益的建議,而且有能力做出明智的計劃,並且積極迅速地將其付諸實施。相反的,勞登勳爵在這次保衛戰中投入了他的大軍,讓他們完全暴露在敵軍的面前而他自己卻在哈利法克斯悠閒地神氣。這樣,我們就丟失了喬治堡壘,他打亂了我們的商業活動,破壞了我們的貿易,長期對糧食出口的禁運,使得我們的商業感到走投無路。雖然禁止糧食出口是為了對敵人實行戰略物資的封鎖,但實際上只是為了壓低糧食的價格,以便軍中伙食承包人可以從中漁利,這是聽說來的,也許僅僅是猜的,他也參與了其中的交易呢。最後當禁令撤消時,因為忘了把這個通知送到查爾斯鎮去,使得停在卡羅萊納的艦隊多停留了三個月,因此他們的船底遭受了嚴重的蟲蛀,以致大部分的船隻在歸途中沉沒了。
25薛力,我個人認為,他對於自己的免職應該是樂意的,因為,對於一個不諳軍事的人來說指揮一個龐大的軍隊簡直就是一個沉重的負擔。在費城人民歡迎勞登將軍就任的酒宴上,我看到免了職的薛力也出席了。當時有很多軍官、市民和陌生人參加,因此椅子不夠,就像附近的居民借了一些來,其中一把椅子很低,恰巧,薛力就坐在上面。我在他旁邊看見了,就對他說:「先生,他們給你的座位太低了!」他說:「沒有關係,富蘭克林先生,我覺得低的座位最舒適。」
26在我逗留紐約期間,我收到了替布萊德多克將軍採辦糧食等物品的各種帳單,在這以前,有些帳單我還沒來得及從我僱傭的採辦員那裡收回,我把帳單送到勞登勳爵那裡,請求償付餘數。他命令主管人員對這些帳單加以徹底的審查,那位軍官核對每一張發款員的支票。但是他一再拖延,雖然我經常按約定的時間去取,我一直沒有拿到。最後,在我動身前,他告訴我說經過仔細考慮以後,他決定不把他的帳單和他前人的帳單混在一起。他說:「你到了英國,只要把你的帳單送給國庫,他們馬上就會把餘款還給你。」
27我在前面提到過在紐約滯留了一段時間,因而使我不得不支出巨大的額外的費用,所以我要求立即付款。我指出我辦理採購時並未支取佣金,因此他們應當立即償還我所墊付的款項,不應當再增加我的麻煩,也不能讓這件事再拖延下去了。聽到這樣的話,他說:「唉呀,先生,你不要以為我們就相信你沒有從中得到什麼好處,這些事情我們很瞭解,我們知道所有的與軍隊採辦有關的人員,他們都有辦法從中中飽私囊的。」我使盡了辦法讓他確信我的情況並非如此,我並沒有因此賺一文錢,但是他顯然還是不相信我的話。後來,我確實聽說了有人常從這樣的工作中發大財。至於他們對我的欠款,至今還沒有償還,以後我還要提到的。
28在我們出發前,我們的船長大大地誇獎了他那隻船的速度很快。但是不幸的是,航行開始後,就證明它是96只船中行動最慢的一隻了,這使得船長非常沮喪。關於行動遲緩的原因船長做了很多假設,這時,我們遇上了一條和我們行動差不多緩慢的船隻,然而,那隻船卻趕上我們了。船長就命令全體人員跑到船尾去,盡可能地站在旗桿附近。連乘客在內,我們約共有40人。當我們站在船尾的時候,我們船的速度明顯加快了,不久就趕上了她附近的那條船,並把她甩在了後面。這就證明我們的一個設想,船速度慢的原因是因為在船頭上放的重物太多了。看起來,大桶的淡水全放在船頭是主要的原因了;因此船長就命令都把他們移到後面去,這樣一來,我們的船就恢復了它的特性,成為全隊中最快速的帆船了。
29那位船長說這條船最高的速度,曾經達到過13英里,因此照這樣的計算起來,也就是每小時13英里了。我們都站在甲板上,一個乘客,肯尼迪上校,他極力辯說這是不可能的,沒有船會開得這麼快,一定是船長把測線上的表度弄錯了,或是投擲測線的時候出了毛病。他們兩個人就打賭,等到順風的時候就可以決出勝負。於是肯尼迪就仔細察看那根測線,認為滿意後,他就自己親自動手來測量。過了幾天,當風力很強,又是順風的時候,郵船的船長說路特威說他相信當時船行的速度是13英里,肯尼迪就進行了測量實驗,但他賭輸了。
30我記載上面這個事實是為了證明下面的觀察。據說,在造船的工藝中一個缺陷,一般人們不容易發現它,直到船下水航行了以後人們才知道它的好壞;因為,儘管你按著一條好船的樣式來造,但等你造好了以後往往會得到相反的結果,新船反而變得相當呆板,不靈活。我想這一部分可能是由於海員們對於裝貨、裝帆和駛帆的方式各不相同,每人都有他自己獨到的辦法。同一條船在一個船長的判斷和命令下裝貨,行駛起來也許會比在另一個船長的指揮下或快或慢。並且,沒有一條船是由同一個人製造、裝備和駕駛的。一個人造船身,另一個裝帆,3個人裝貨和行駛它,他們當中沒有一個人能夠完全瞭解其他人的思想和經驗,因此當這幾方面合在一起的時候,就很難得到正確的結論了。
31即使在海上簡單的駕駛技術方面,我也常常看到在不同的值班時間裡,不同船員的做法不同,雖然風力並沒有變大或變小。一個船員比另一個把帆蓬扯到多一些或少一些,這樣看起來,駕駛技術方面就似乎沒有一個可供參考的規則。然而,我想或許可以做一系列的實驗:首先,決定最佳航速的船身式樣;第二,最合適的桅桿尺寸和放置桅桿最合適的尺寸位置;接著帆蓬的式樣、數量和跟著不同風向的不同扯帆的方式;最後是裝貨的方法。這是一個實驗的年代,我想這樣一系列的精確設計和與之匹配的實驗應該是大有用處的。因此,我相信在不久的將來,一些聰明的科學家們會從事這樣的研究的,我真心祝福他們成功!
32在海上航行的時候我們遭遇了幾次敵人的攻擊,但是我們比任何人都走得快,在30天之內我們就行到了淺水地區了。我們的航海測量很準確,船長根據他的判斷把我們帶到靠我們港口法爾莫斯非常近的地方,如果我們在夜間快速航行的話,那麼早晨我們或許就停在港口了,而且夜間航行還可以避開敵方船隻的注意,因為他們常在海港附近巡邏。於是我們就拉起了所有的帆,那天風力也強,我們向前航行著,速度非常快。船長在測量後定了航線,我們還以為可以遠遠地避開西黎群島;但是在聖喬治海峽裡似乎時不時地有一股強烈的對岸流,它經常使海員們上當,曾經使克勞斯萊·薛夫爾爵士的艦隊覆沒。這股對岸流很有可能就是我們出事的原因。
33我們派了一個人在船頭看守,還不時地提醒他:「仔細看前面的地方!」他就回答:「是,是」;但很有可能他這個時候正閉著眼睛打瞌睡呢;他們有時候只是機械地回答,因為他連我們前面的燈都沒有看到,那個燈恰好藏在副帆當中,所以掌舵的和其他值班的人都沒有看到,還是由於船身偶然的一偏才發現了這個大危險,我們這個時候離它很近了,這個等在我看來似乎有車輪那麼大。這時侯正是午夜時分,我們的船長睡得正香,但是肯尼迪上校跳到了甲板上,看到了危險,就命令我們調轉船頭,把所有的風蓬都扯住,停止向前航行;這樣的操作對桅桿來說是非常危險的,但是這樣一來倒使我們逃脫一場沉船的劫難。因為我們那時正向安裝燈塔的岩石衝去。這次脫險使我非常強烈地感到燈塔的作用,也使得我決心提倡在美洲建立更多的燈塔,假如我能夠生還回美洲的話。
34早上通過聲納等儀器的測試,我們發現我們就在海港附近,但是我們眼前的大陸卻被蒙上了厚厚的一團霧。大概在九點的時候,霧才開始散去,就像在戲院裡帷幕一樣,霧在水下慢慢升起;在霧下面我們看到了法爾莫斯的市鎮、港內的船隻和四周的田野。對那些長時期以來除了單調的大海就別無所見的人來說這真是一幅動人的景畫,同時使我們感到快樂的是現在我們不必再為戰爭焦慮了。
35我和我兒子立刻出發到倫敦去了,在路上我們只稍稍停留了一下,參觀索爾茲伯裡平原上的史前石柱,還有在威爾頓的彭布羅克勳爵的私邸、花園以及他的非常珍奇的古玩。我們在1757年7月27日到達了倫敦。
到這裡自傳結束了,並由溫姆·湯普·富蘭克林和他的後繼者們出版,接下來的文章是富蘭克林博士在他的晚年所寫的,在畢哥婁先生的版本(1868版)裡第一次用英語刊印出來。
36當我們一到倫敦,查理先生早已替我安排好了寓所,我就去拜訪了富特吉爾博士,有人向他大力推薦我,還有人建議我向他咨詢有關我的訴訟的程序。他反對馬上向政府提出控告,主張先跟領主們商量商量,經過朋友們的調停和勸導,領主們或許願意友好解決這件事。接著,我又去訪問了老朋友和信使皮特·柯立迅先生,他告訴我那個維吉尼亞大商人約翰·韓佈雷要求他,我一到就馬上通知他,他會把我引見給格蘭威爾勳爵,這位勳爵是樞密院的議長,他希望能夠盡快見到我。我同意第二天上午與韓不雷同去。於是他就來接我,我們坐在他的馬車上一起去見那位貴人。格蘭威爾勳爵待我非常謙恭,他詢問了一些有關美洲現狀的問題,我們交換了一下意見,接著他就對我說:「你們美洲人對於自己的政體有一種錯誤的認識:你們力爭的國王對他的州長的訓令並不是法律,並不能如你們所想的那樣隨意遵守。但是這些訓令個別公使出國時所帶的有關細小禮節方面的袖珍指南是不同的,他們首先是由熟悉法律的法官們起草的,然後在樞密院裡經過深思熟慮、討論、修改,最後由國王簽署。所以這些訓令,從你們的角度來看是國法,因為英王是『殖民地的立法者』。」我告訴勳爵這對我來說是全新的規矩。我總是按我們的特點來理解,認為我們的法律就是由我們議會制定的,當然要報請國王批准,但是國王批准了以後他就不能再隨意更改他們,並且議會也不能不經過國王的批准就制定永久性的法律,同時不經過議會的同意國王也不能制定法律。他堅持我這樣的想法是錯誤的,但我並不這樣認為,然而,與勳爵的談話使我對於英王政府對我們的可能的想法有點擔心,我一回到寓所,就把這次談話記錄下來了。我記得大概在20年之前,內閣向國會提出的議案中有這麼一個條款:提出把國王的訓令當做殖民地的法律,但是眾議院否決了它,當時我們還因此擁護他們,以為他們是我們的朋友,自由的友人。到了1756年從他們對我們的行動中來看,他們以前拒絕授予國王這一統治權目的只不過是為了替自己保留這一特權罷了。
37幾天以後,富特吉爾博士向領主們提起了這件事,他們都同意在春園,T·潘恩先生的房子裡會見我。談話開始雙方都願意尋求一個合理解決問題的方式,但是我想每個派別對「合理」都有自己的觀點,接著我們就討論了我們控訴的幾點問題,我還要一一列舉的。領主們盡力為他們的行為辯護。我們之間有距離,這不同觀點之間的分歧是如此的大,以致我們根本就沒有什麼達成一致意見的希望。然而,會議決定要我把控訴的項目用書面的形式寫下來呈給他們看,他們允諾會仔細考慮的。不久我就這樣做了,但是他們把我們的控訴書交給了他們的律師斐迪南·約汗·鮑黎,他在那些領主和鄰州馬裡蘭的領主巴爾的摩勳爵的大訴訟案中替他們辦理過法律事務,這件大訴訟案已經持續了70年之久。領主們和州議會之間的爭執的所有文件和咨文也是他執筆的。他生性傲慢,脾氣暴躁,因為過去在州議會的覆文中我有時會對他的文件抨擊的比較厲害,這些文件實際上也是說理淺薄,措辭無理,所以他跟我結下了不解之怨,每次我們見面,他總是露出這樣的仇恨情緒,領主們提出要我和他單獨討論控訴的各項事務時,我斷然拒絕了,除了領主們自己親自和我談以外,我不想和任何人談這樣的事。後來,根據鮑黎的建議,他們把我的控訴交給了檢察長和副檢察長,要求他們提出意見和處理辦法。在他們兩位的手裡,這件案子差不多放了快一年了,因為還差8天就一整年。在這期間,我多次要求領主們的答覆,但是他們的回答是還沒有接到檢察長和副檢察長的意見。但是當他們接到檢察長和副檢察長的意見時,我從未曾知曉這裡面的實際內容,因為他們不告訴我。但是他們寫了一篇由鮑黎起草和簽署的冗長的咨文,寄給了州議會,講到了我的控訴書,說我粗魯無禮,措辭不當,同時也替他們淺薄的行為做了辯解,最後表示如果州議會派一個「公正坦率的人」來跟他們談判,他們才願意和解。他們用這種方式暗示我不是這樣的人選。
38他們認為的粗魯和無禮,可能是指我寫給他們的文件中沒有冠上他們的尊稱——「賓西法尼亞州真正的絕對的領主」。我之所以沒有寫是因為我認為在這個文件中沒有必要,這個文件的目的只是把我口頭所講的用文字寫下來而已。
但是在耽擱期間,州議會勸服丹尼州長通過了一個議案,領主們的財產也要和普通人民的財產一樣納稅,這是爭執中的焦點,州議會也就沒有答覆領主們的咨文了。
39當這個議案送到英國來的時候,根據鮑黎的建議,領主們決定反對,並且要國王批准他們的反對意見。於是他們在樞密院裡向國王請願,接著樞密院就定好時間審案,領主們僱傭了兩個律師反對這個議案,我也僱傭了兩個律師來擁護這個議案。他們陳述這個議案的目的是為了減輕人民的負擔而使領主的財產承擔過重的捐稅,如果這個議案繼續有效的話,領主們在捐稅方面就只好由人民任意擺佈,他們最終會破產的。我們辯護說,這個議案沒有這樣的意圖,也不會產生這樣的結果,估稅員都是誠實而謹慎的人,他們立誓要公平合理地估稅,如果從增加領主們的稅額中獲得減輕自己的捐稅的希望是很小的,他們決不因此背棄這樣的誓約。根據我的記憶,這是雙方陳辭的主要觀點,此外我們已經發行了10萬鎊金額的紙幣,供給英王使用,用於英王的軍事預算,現在紙幣已經在民間流通了,議案一旦被廢除,在人民手中的紙幣就成了廢紙了,許多人會因此而破產,將來要發行補助金就完全沒有把握了。我們強調指出領主的損人利己的品質,他們僅僅是因為害怕他們的財產會負擔過重的捐稅而教唆他人阻撓這一法律,給人們造成這樣巨大的災難。講到這裡,樞密院的一位大臣曼司非爾德勳爵站了起來,向我招手,當律師還在辯論的時候,他把我拉到秘書室裡,問我是否在執行這項法律的時候領主的財產真正不會受到歧視。我說那是當然。他說:「那你不反對立約擔保這一點吧?」我說:「並不反對。」接著他把鮑黎叫了進來,經過一些討論以後,雙方都接受了曼司非爾德勳爵的建議。樞密院的秘書起草了一個文件,我和查理先生都在上面簽了字,查理先生是賓州的代理人,處理日常事務的,然後曼司非爾德勳爵回到了樞密院的會議室,最後這條法律就批准了。但是樞密院建議作某些修正,我們也保證把這些修正放在附屬法裡,但是州議會認為沒有這樣的必要,因為在樞密院的命令到達之前,這個法律的第一年的捐稅已經徵收了。州議會指定了一個委員會檢查估稅員的工作,他們委任了幾個領主們的密友作為委員。經過一番詳細的調查後,他們全體一致簽署了一個報告,證明估稅工作是完全公正無私的。
40州議會認為我所訂立的這項法律的第一部分是對賓州的一個重大的貢獻,因為它鞏固了流通在全國各處的紙幣的信用。當我回來的時候他們正式向我表示感謝。但是領主們恨透了丹尼州長,因為他批准了這項議案,他們就撤消了他的職務,威脅他要控告他違背他所立的信約。但是他是奉將軍的命令行事,並且是為了英王陛下的軍務,同時他在英國宮廷裡也認識一些有權有勢的人,所以他根本不把這些威脅放在眼裡,實際上,這些威脅也從來沒有起過作用。
Part8
1BeingreturnedtoPhiladelphia,Ifoundtheassociationwentonswimmingly,theinhabitantsthatwerenotQuakershavingprettygenerallycomeintoit,formedthemselvesintocompanies,andchosetheircaptains,lieutenants,andensigns,accordingtothenewlaw.Dr.B.visitedme,andgavemeanaccountofthepainshehadtakentospreadageneralgoodlikingtothelaw,andascribedmuchtothoseendeavors.IhadhadthevanitytoascribealltomyDialogue;however,notknowingbutthathemightbeintheright,Ilethimenjoyhisopinion,whichItaketobegenerallythebestwayinsuchcases.Theofficers,meeting,chosemetobecoloneloftheregiment,whichIthistimeaccepted.Iforgethowmanycompanieswehad,butweparadedabouttwelvehundredwell-lookingmen,withacompanyofartillery,whohadbeenfurnishedwithsixbrassfield-pieces,whichtheyhadbecomesoexpertintheuseofastofiretwelvetimesinaminute.ThefirsttimeIreviewedmyregimenttheyaccompaniedmetomyhouse,andwouldsalutemewithsomeroundsfiredbeforemydoor,whichshookdownandbrokeseveralglassesofmyelectricalapparatus.Andmynewhonourprovednotmuchlessbrittle;forallourcommissionsweresoonafterbrokenbyarepealofthelawinEngland.
2Duringthisshorttimeofmycolonelship,beingabouttosetoutonajourneytoVirginia,theofficersofmyregimenttookitintotheirheadsthatitwouldbeproperforthemtoescortmeoutoftown,asfarastheLowerFerry.JustasIwasgettingonhorsebacktheycametomydoor,betweenthirtyandforty,mounted,andallintheiruniforms.Ihadnotbeenpreviouslyacquaintedwiththeproject,orIshouldhavepreventedit,beingnaturallyaversetotheassumingofstateonanyoccasion;andIwasagooddealchagrin'dattheirappearance,asIcouldnotavoidtheiraccompanyingme.Whatmadeitworsewas,that,assoonaswebegantomove,theydrewtheirswordsandrodewiththemnakedalltheway.Somebodywroteanaccountofthistotheproprietor,anditgavehimgreatoffense.Nosuchhonorhadbeenpaidhimwhenintheprovince,nortoanyofhisgovernors;andhesaiditwasonlypropertoprincesofthebloodroyal,whichmaybetrueforaughtIknow,whowas,andstillam,ignorantoftheetiquetteinsuchcases.
3Thissillyaffair,however,greatlyincreasedhisrancouragainstme,whichwasbeforenotalittle,onaccountofmyconductintheAssemblyrespectingtheexemptionofhisestatefromtaxation,whichIhadalwaysoppos'dverywarmly,andnotwithoutseverereflectionsonhismeannessandinjusticeofcontendingforit.Heaccusedmetotheministryasbeingthegreatobstacletotheking'sservice,preventing,bymyinfluenceintheHouse,theproperformofthebillsforraisingmoney,andheinstancedthisparadewithmyofficersasaproofofmyhavinganintentiontotakethegovernmentoftheprovinceoutofhishandsbyforce.HealsoappliedtoSirEverardFawkener,thepostmaster-general,todeprivemeofmyoffice;butithadnoothereffectthantoprocurefromSirEverardagentleadmonition.
4NotwithstandingthecontinualwranglebetweenthegovernorandtheHouse,inwhichI,asamember,hadsolargeashare,therestillsubsistedacivilintercoursebetweenthatgentlemanandmyself,andweneverhadanypersonaldifference.Ihavesometimessincethoughtthathislittleornoresentmentagainstme,fortheanswersitwasknownIdrewuptohismessages,mightbetheeffectofprofessionalhabit,andthat,beingbredalawyer,hemightconsiderusbothasmerelyadvocatesforcontendingclientsinasuit,hefortheproprietariesandIfortheAssembly.Hewould,therefore,sometimescallinafriendlywaytoadvisewithmeondifficultpoints,andsometimes,tho'notoften,takemyadvice.
5WeactedinconcerttosupplyBraddock'sarmywithprovisions;and,whentheshockingnewsarrivedofhisdefeat,thegovernorsentinhasteforme,toconsultwithhimonmeasuresforpreventingthedesertionofthebackcounties.IforgetnowtheadviceIgave;butIthinkitwas,thatDunbarshouldbewrittento,andprevail'dwith,ifpossible,toposthistroopsonthefrontiersfortheirprotection,till,byre-enforcementsfromthecolonies,hemightbeabletoproceedontheexpedition.And,aftermyreturnfromthefrontier,hewouldhavehadmeundertaketheconductofsuchanexpeditionwithprovincialtroops,forthereductionofFortDuquesne,Dunbarandhismenbeingotherwiseemployed;andheproposedtocommissionmeasgeneral.Ihadnotsogoodanopinionofmymilitaryabilitiesasheprofess'dtohave,andIbelievehisprofessionsmusthaveexceededhisrealsentiments;butprobablyhemightthinkthatmypopularitywouldfacilitatetheraisingofthemen,andmyinfluenceinAssembly,thegrantofmoneytopaythem,andthat,perhaps,withouttaxingtheproprietaryestate.Findingmenotsoforwardtoengageasheexpected,theprojectwasdropt,andhesoonafterleftthegovernment,beingsupersededbyCaptainDenny.
6BeforeIproceedinrelatingthepartIhadinpublicaffairsunderthisnewgovernor'sadministration,itmaynotbeamissheretogivesomeaccountoftheriseandprogressofmyphilosophicalreputation.
In1746,beingatBoston,ImettherewithaDr.Spence,whowaslatelyarrivedfromScotland,andshow'dmesomeelectricexperiments.Theywereimperfectlyperform'd,ashewasnotveryexpert;but,beingonasubjectquitenewtome,theyequallysurpris'dandpleasedme.SoonaftermyreturntoPhiladelphia,ourlibrarycompanyreceiv'dfromMr.P.Collinson,FellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLondon,apresentofaglasstube,withsomeaccountoftheuseofitinmakingsuchexperiments.IeagerlyseizedtheopportunityofrepeatingwhatIhadseenatBoston;and,bymuchpractice,acquir'dgreatreadinessinperformingthose,also,whichwehadanaccountoffromEngland,addinganumberofnewones.Isaymuchpractice,formyhousewascontinuallyfull,forsometime,withpeoplewhocametoseethesenewwonders.
7Todividealittlethisincumbranceamongmyfriends,Icausedanumberofsimilartubestobeblownatourglass-house,withwhichtheyfurnish'dthemselves,sothatwehadatlengthseveralperformers.Amongthese,theprincipalwasMr.Kinnersley,aningeniousneighbor,who,beingoutofbusiness,Iencouragedtoundertakeshowingtheexperimentsformoney,anddrewupforhimtwolectures,inwhichtheexperimentswererang'dinsuchorder,andaccompaniedwithsuchexplanationsinsuchmethod,asthattheforegoingshouldassistincomprehendingthefollowing.Heprocur'danelegantapparatusforthepurpose,inwhichallthelittlemachinesthatIhadroughlymadeformyselfwerenicelyform'dbyinstrument-makers.Hislectureswerewellattended,andgavegreatsatisfaction;andaftersometimehewentthro'thecolonies,exhibitingthemineverycapitaltown,andpick'dupsomemoney.IntheWestIndiaislands,indeed,itwaswithdifficultytheexperimentscouldbemade,fromthegeneralmoistureoftheair.
8Oblig'dasweweretoMr.Collinsonforhispresentofthetube,etc.,Ithoughtitrightheshouldbeinform'dofoursuccessinusingit,andwrotehimseveralletterscontainingaccountsofourexperiments.HegotthemreadintheRoyalSociety,wheretheywerenotatfirstthoughtworthsomuchnoticeastobeprintedintheirTransactions.Onepaper,whichIwroteforMr.Kinnersley,onthesamenessoflightningwithelectricity,IsenttoDr.Mitchel,anacquaintanceofmine,andoneofthemembersalsoofthatsociety,whowrotemewordthatithadbeenread,butwaslaughedatbytheconnoisseurs.Thepapers,however,beingshowntoDr.Fothergill,hethoughtthemoftoomuchvaluetobestifled,andadvis'dtheprintingofthem.Mr.CollinsonthengavethemtoCaveforpublicationinhisGentleman'sMagazine;buthechosetoprintthemseparatelyinapamphlet,andDr.Fothergillwrotethepreface.Cave,itseems,judgedrightlyforhisprofit,forbytheadditionsthatarrivedafterwardtheyswell'dtoaquartovolume,whichhashadfiveeditions,andcosthimnothingforcopy-money.
9Itwas,however,sometimebeforethosepapersweremuchtakennoticeofinEngland.AcopyofthemhappeningtofallintothehandsoftheCountdeBuffon,aphilosopherdeservedlyofgreatreputationinFrance,and,indeed,alloverEurope,heprevailedwithM.DalibardtotranslatethemintoFrench,andtheywereprintedatParis.ThepublicationoffendedtheAbbeNollet,preceptorinNaturalPhilosophytotheroyalfamily,andanableexperimenter,whohadform'dandpublish'datheoryofelectricity,whichthenhadthegeneralvogue.HecouldnotatfirstbelievethatsuchaworkcamefromAmerica,andsaiditmusthavebeenfabricatedbyhisenemiesatParis,todecryhissystem.Afterwards,havingbeenassur'dthattherereallyexistedsuchapersonasFranklinatPhiladelphia,whichhehaddoubted,hewroteandpublishedavolumeofLetters,chieflyaddress'dtome,defendinghistheory,anddenyingtheverityofmyexperiments,andofthepositionsdeduc'dfromthem.
10Ioncepurpos'dansweringtheAbbe,andactuallybegantheanswer;but,onconsiderationthatmywritingscontain'dadescriptionofexperimentswhichanyonemightrepeatandverify,andifnottobeverifi'd,couldnotbedefended;orofobservationsoffer'dasconjectures,andnotdelivereddogmatically,thereforenotlayingmeunderanyobligationtodefendthem;andreflectingthatadisputebetweentwopersons,writingindifferentlanguages,mightbelengthenedgreatlybymistranslations,andthencemisconceptionsofoneanother'smeaning,muchofoneoftheAbbe'slettersbeingfoundedonanerrorinthetranslation,Iconcludedtoletmypapersshiftforthemselves,believingitwasbettertospendwhattimeIcouldsparefrompublicbusinessinmakingnewexperiments,thanindisputingaboutthosealreadymade.IthereforeneveransweredM.Nollet,andtheeventgavemenocausetorepentmysilence;formyfriendM.leRoy,oftheRoyalAcademyofSciences,tookupmycauseandrefutedhim;mybookwastranslatedintotheItalian,German,andLatinlanguages;andthedoctrineitcontain'dwasbydegreesuniversallyadoptedbythephilosophersofEurope,inpreferencetothatoftheAbbe;sothathelivedtoseehimselfthelastofhissect,exceptMonsieurB—,ofParis,hiseleveandimmediatedisciple.
11Whatgavemybookthemoresuddenandgeneralcelebrity,wasthesuccessofoneofitsproposedexperiments,madebyMessrs.DalibardandDeLoratMarly,fordrawinglightningfromtheclouds.Thisengag'dthepublicattentioneverywhere.M.deLor,whohadanapparatusforexperimentalphilosophy,andlectur'dinthatbranchofscience,undertooktorepeatwhathecalledthePhiladelphiaExperiments;and,aftertheywereperformedbeforethekingandcourt,allthecuriousofParisflockedtoseethem.Iwillnotswellthisnarrativewithanaccountofthatcapitalexperiment,noroftheinfinitepleasureIreceiv'dinthesuccessofasimilaroneImadesoonafterwithakiteatPhiladelphia,asbotharetobefoundinthehistoriesofelectricity.
12Dr.Wright,anEnglishphysician,whenatParis,wrotetoafriend,whowasoftheRoyalSociety,anaccountofthehighesteemmyexperimentswereinamongthelearnedabroad,andoftheirwonderthatmywritingshadbeensolittlenoticedinEngland.Thesociety,onthis,resum'dtheconsiderationofthelettersthathadbeenreadtothem;andthecelebratedDr.Watsondrewupasummaryaccountofthem,andofallIhadafterwardssenttoEnglandonthesubject,whichbeaccompaniedwithsomepraiseofthewriter.ThissummarywasthenprintedintheirTransactions;andsomemembersofthesocietyinLondon,particularlytheveryingeniousMr.Canton,havingverifiedtheexperimentofprocuringlightningfromthecloudsbyapointedrod,andacquaintingthemwiththesuccess,theysoonmadememorethanamendsfortheslightwithwhichtheyhadbeforetreatedme.Withoutmyhavingmadeanyapplicationforthathonor,theychosemeamember,andvotedthatIshouldbeexcus'dthecustomarypayments,whichwouldhaveamountedtotwenty-fiveguineas;andeversincehavegivenmetheirTransactionsgratis.TheyalsopresentedmewiththegoldmedalofSirGodfreyCopleyfortheyear1753,thedeliveryofwhichwasaccompaniedbyaveryhandsomespeechofthepresident,LordMacclesfield,whereinIwashighlyhonoured.
13Ournewgovernor,CaptainDenny,broughtoverformethebefore-mentionedmedalfromtheRoyalSociety,whichhepresentedtomeatanentertainmentgivenhimbythecity.Heaccompanieditwithverypoliteexpressionsofhisesteemforme,having,ashesaid,beenlongacquaintedwithmycharacter.Afterdinner,whenthecompany,aswascustomaryatthattime,wereengag'dindrinking,hetookmeasideintoanotherroom,andacquaintedmethathehadbeenadvis'dbyhisfriendsinEnglandtocultivateafriendshipwithme,asonewhowascapableofgivinghimthebestadvice,andofcontributingmosteffectuallytothemakinghisadministrationeasy;thathethereforedesiredofallthingstohaveagoodunderstandingwithme,andhebegg'dmetobeassur'dofhisreadinessonalloccasionstorendermeeveryservicethatmightbeinhispower.Hesaidmuchtome,also,oftheproprietor'sgooddispositiontowardstheprovince,andoftheadvantageitmightbetousall,andtomeinparticular,iftheoppositionthathadbeensolongcontinu'dtohismeasureswasdropt,andharmonyrestor'dbetweenhimandthepeople;ineffectingwhich,itwasthoughtnoonecouldbemoreserviceablethanmyself;andImightdependonadequateacknowledgmentsandrecompenses,etc.,etc.Thedrinkers,findingwedidnotreturnimmediatelytothetable,sentusadecanterofMadeira,whichthegovernormadeliberaluseof,andinproportionbecamemoreprofuseofhissolicitationsandpromises.
14Myanswersweretothispurpose:thatmycircumstances,thankstoGod,weresuchastomakeproprietaryfavoursunnecessarytome;andthat,beingamemberoftheAssembly,Icouldnotpossiblyacceptofany;that,however,Ihadnopersonalenmitytotheproprietary,andthat,wheneverthepublicmeasureshepropos'dshouldappeartobeforthegoodofthepeople,nooneshouldespouseandforwardthemmorezealouslythanmyself;mypastoppositionhavingbeenfoundedonthis,thatthemeasureswhichhadbeenurgedwereevidentlyintendedtoservetheproprietaryinterest,withgreatprejudicetothatofthepeople;thatIwasmuchobligedtohim(thegovernor)forhisprofessionsofregardtome,andthathemightrelyoneverythinginmypowertomakehisadministrationaseasyaspossible,hopingatthesametimethathehadnotbroughtwithhimthesameunfortunateinstructionhispredecessorhadbeenhamper'dwith.
15Onthishedidnotthenexplainhimself;butwhenheafterwardscametodobusinesswiththeAssembly,theyappear'dagain,thedisputeswererenewed,andIwasasactiveaseverintheopposition,beingthepenman,first,oftherequesttohaveacommunicationoftheinstructions,andthenoftheremarksuponthem,whichmaybefoundinthevotesofthetime,andintheHistoricalReviewIafterwardpublish'd.Butbetweenuspersonallynoenmityarose;wewereoftentogether;hewasamanofletters,hadseenmuchoftheworld,andwasveryentertainingandpleasinginconversation.HegavemethefirstinformationthatmyoldfriendJas.Ralphwasstillalive;thathewasesteem'doneofthebestpoliticalwritersinEngland;hadbeenemploy'dinthedisputebetweenPrinceFredericandtheking,andhadobtain'dapensionofthreehundredayear;thathisreputationwasindeedsmallasapoet,PopehavingdamnedhispoetryintheDunciad;buthisprosewasthoughtasgoodasanyman's.
16TheAssemblyfinallyfindingtheproprietaryobstinatelypersistedinmanaclingtheirdeputieswithinstructionsinconsistentnotonlywiththeprivilegesofthepeople,butwiththeserviceofthecrown,resolv'dtopetitionthekingagainstthem,andappointedmetheiragenttogoovertoEngland,topresentandsupportthepetition.TheHousehadsentupabilltothegovernor,grantingasumof?60,000fortheking'suse(?10,000ofwhichwassubjectedtotheordersofthethengeneral,LordLoudoun),whichthegovernorabsolutelyrefus'dtopass,incompliancewithhisinstructions.
17IhadagreedwithCaptainMorris,ofthepaquetatNewYork,formypassage,andmystoreswereputonboard,whenLordLoudounarriv'datPhiladelphia,expressly,ashetoldme,toendeavoranaccommodationbetweenthegovernorandAssembly,thathismajesty'sservicemightnotbeobstructedbytheirdissensions.Accordingly,hedesir'dthegovernorandmyselftomeethim,thathemighthearwhatwastobesaidonbothsides.Wemetanddiscuss'dthebusiness.InbehalfoftheAssembly,Iurg'dallthevariousargumentsthatmaybefoundinthepublicpapersofthattime,whichwereofmywriting,andareprintedwiththeminutesoftheAssembly;andthegovernorpleadedhisinstructions;thebondhehadgiventoobservethem,andhisruinifhedisobey'd,yetseemednotunwillingtohazardhimselfifLordLoudounwouldadviseit.Thishislordshipdidnotchusetodo,thoughIoncethoughtIhadnearlyprevail'dwithhimtodoit;butfinallyheratherchosetourgethecomplianceoftheAssembly;andheentreatedmetousemyendeavourswiththemforthatpurpose,declaringthathewouldsparenoneoftheking'stroopsforthedefenseofourfrontiers,andthat,ifwedidnotcontinuetoprovideforthatdefenseourselves,theymustremainexpos'dtotheenemy.
18IacquaintedtheHousewithwhathadpass'd,and,presentingthemwithasetofresolutionsIhaddrawnup,declaringourrights,andthatwedidnotrelinquishourclaimtothoserights,butonlysuspendedtheexerciseofthemonthisoccasionthro'force,againstwhichweprotested,theyatlengthagreedtodropthatbill,andframeanotherconformabletotheproprietaryinstructions.Thisofcoursethegovernorpass'd,andIwasthenatlibertytoproceedonmyvoyage.But,inthemeantime,thepaquethadsailedwithmysea-stores,whichwassomelosstome,andmyonlyrecompensewashislordship'sthanksformyservice,allthecreditofobtainingtheaccommodationfallingtohisshare.
19HesetoutforNewYorkbeforeme;and,asthetimefordispatchingthepaquet-boatswasathisdisposition,andthereweretwothenremainingthere,oneofwhich,hesaid,wastosailverysoon,Irequestedtoknowtheprecisetime,thatImightnotmissherbyanydelayofmine.Hisanswerwas,"IhavegivenoutthatsheistosailonSaturdaynext;butImayletyouknow,entrenous,thatifyouaretherebyMondaymorning,youwillbeintime,butdonotdelaylonger."Bysomeaccidentalhinderanceataferry,itwasMondaynoonbeforeIarrived,andIwasmuchafraidshemighthavesailed,asthewindwasfair;butIwassoonmadeeasybytheinformationthatshewasstillintheharbor,andwouldnotmovetillthenextday.OnewouldimaginethatIwasnowontheverypointofdepartingforEurope.Ithoughtso;butIwasnotthensowellacquaintedwithhislordship'scharacter,ofwhichindecisionwasoneofthestrongestfeatures.Ishallgivesomeinstances.ItwasaboutthebeginningofAprilthatIcametoNewYork,andIthinkitwasneartheendofJunebeforewesail'd.Therewerethentwoofthepaquet-boats,whichhadbeenlonginport,butweredetainedforthegeneral'sletters,whichwerealwaystobereadyto-morrow.Anotherpaquetarriv'd;shetoowasdetain'd;and,beforewesail'd,afourthwasexpected.Ourswasthefirsttobedispatch'd,ashavingbeentherelongest.Passengerswereengag'dinall,andsomeextremelyimpatienttobegone,andthemerchantsuneasyabouttheirletters,andtheorderstheyhadgivenforinsurance(itbeingwartime)forfallgoods!buttheiranxietyavail'dnothing;hislordship'sletterswerenotready;andyetwhoeverwaitedonhimfoundhimalwaysathisdesk,peninhand,andconcludedhemustneedswriteabundantly.
20Goingmyselfonemorningtopaymyrespects,IfoundinhisantechamberoneInnis,amessengerofPhiladelphia,whohadcomefromthenceexpresswithapaquetfromGovernorDennyfortheGeneral.Hedeliveredtomesomelettersfrommyfriendsthere,whichoccasion'dmyinquiringwhenhewastoreturn,andwherebelodg'd,thatImightsendsomelettersbyhim.Hetoldmehewasorder'dtocallto-morrowatnineforthegeneral'sanswertothegovernor,andshouldsetoffimmediately.Iputmylettersintohishandsthesameday.AfortnightafterImethimagaininthesameplace."So,youaresoonreturn'd,Innis?""Returned!no,Iamnotgoneyet.""Howso?""Ihavecalledherebyordereverymorningthesetwoweekspastforhislordship'sletter,anditisnotyetready.""Isitpossible,whenheissogreatawriter?forIseehimconstantlyathisescritoire.""Yes,"saysInnis,"butheislikeSt.Georgeonthesigns,alwaysonhorseback,andneverrideson."Thisobservationofthemessengerwas,itseems,wellfounded;for,wheninEngland,IunderstoodthatMr.Pittgaveitasonereasonforremovingthisgeneral,andsendingGeneralsAmherstandWolfe,thattheministerneverheardfromhim,andcouldnotknowwhathewasdoing.
21Thisdailyexpectationofsailing,andallthethreepaquetsgoingdowntoSandyHook,tojointhefleetthere,thepassengersthoughtitbesttobeonboard,lestbyasuddenordertheshipsshouldsail,andtheybeleftbehind.There,ifIrememberright,wewereaboutsixweeks,consumingoursea-stores,andoblig'dtoprocuremore.Atlengththefleetsail'd,theGeneralandallhisarmyonboard,boundtoLouisburg,withintenttobesiegeandtakethatfortress;allthepaquet-boatsincompanyorderedtoattendtheGeneral'sship,readytoreceivehisdispatcheswhentheyshouldbeready.Wewereoutfivedaysbeforewegotaletterwithleavetopart,andthenourshipquittedthefleetandsteeredforEngland.Theothertwopaquetshestilldetained,carriedthemwithhimtoHalifax,wherehestayedsometimetoexercisethemeninshamattacksuponshamforts,thenalter'dhismindastobesiegingLouisburg,andreturn'dtoNewYork,withallhistroops,togetherwiththetwopaquetsabovementioned,andalltheirpassengers!DuringhisabsencetheFrenchandsavageshadtakenFortGeorge,onthefrontierofthatprovince,andthesavageshadmassacredmanyofthegarrisonaftercapitulation.
22IsawafterwardsinLondonCaptainBonnell,whocommandedoneofthosepaquets.Hetoldmethat,whenhehadbeendetain'damonth,heacquaintedhislordshipthathisshipwasgrownfoul,toadegreethatmustnecessarilyhinderherfastsailing,apointofconsequenceforapaquet-boat,andrequestedanallowanceoftimetoheaveherdownandcleanherbottom.Hewasaskedhowlongtimethatwouldrequire.Heanswer'd,threedays.Thegeneralreplied,"Ifyoucandoitinoneday,Igiveleave;otherwisenot;foryoumustcertainlysailthedayafterto-morrow."Soheneverobtain'dleave,thoughdetainedafterwardsfromdaytodayduringfullthreemonths.
23IsawalsoinLondononeofBonnell'spassengers,whowassoenrag'dagainsthislordshipfordeceivinganddetaininghimsolongatNewYork,andthencarryinghimtoHalifaxandbackagain,thathesworehewouldsuefordamages.Whetherhedidornot,Ineverheard;but,asherepresentedtheinjurytohisaffairs,itwasveryconsiderable.
24Onthewhole,Iwonder'dmuchhowsuchamancametobeintrustedwithsoimportantabusinessastheconductofagreatarmy;but,havingsinceseenmoreofthegreatworld,andthemeansofobtaining,andmotivesforgivingplaces,mywonderisdiminished.GeneralShirley,onwhomthecommandofthearmydevolveduponthedeathofBraddock,would,inmyopinion,ifcontinuedinplace,havemadeamuchbettercampaignthanthatofLoudounin1757,whichwasfrivolous,expensive,anddisgracefultoournationbeyondconception;for,tho'Shirleywasnotabredsoldier,hewassensibleandsagaciousinhimself,andattentivetogoodadvicefromothers,capableofformingjudiciousplans,andquickandactiveincarryingthemintoexecution.Loudoun,insteadofdefendingthecolonieswithhisgreatarmy,leftthemtotallyexpos'dwhileheparadedidlyatHalifax,bywhichmeansFortGeorgewaslost,besides,hederang'dallourmercantileoperations,anddistress'dourtrade,byalongembargoontheexportationofprovisions,onpretenceofkeepingsuppliesfrombeingobtain'dbytheenemy,butinrealityforbeatingdowntheirpriceinfavorofthecontractors,inwhoseprofits,itwassaid,perhapsfromsuspiciononly,hehadashare.And,whenatlengththeembargowastakenoff,byneglectingtosendnoticeofittoCharlestown,theCarolinafleetwasdetain'dnearthreemonthslonger,wherebytheirbottomsweresomuchdamagedbythewormthatagreatpartofthemfounderedintheirpassagehome.
25Shirleywas,Ibelieve,sincerelygladofbeingrelievedfromsoburdensomeachargeastheconductofanarmymustbetoamanunacquaintedwithmilitarybusiness.IwasattheentertainmentgivenbythecityofNewYorktoLordLoudoun,onhistakinguponhimthecommand.Shirley,tho'therebysuperseded,waspresentalso.Therewasagreatcompanyofofficers,citizens,andstrangers,and,somechairshavingbeenborrowedintheneighborhood,therewasoneamongthemverylow,whichfelltothelotofMr.Shirley.PerceivingitasIsatbyhim,Isaid,"Theyhavegivenyou,sir,toolowaseat.""Nomatter,"sayshe,"Mr.Franklin,Ifindalowseattheeasiest."
26WhileIwas,asaforemention'd,detain'datNewYork,Ireceiv'dalltheaccountsoftheprovisions,etc.,thatIhadfurnish'dtoBraddock,someofwhichaccountscouldnotsoonerbeobtain'dfromthedifferentpersonsIhademploy'dtoassistinthebusiness.IpresentedthemtoLordLoudoun,desiringtobepaidtheballance.Hecaus'dthemtoberegularlyexaminedbytheproperofficer,who,aftercomparingeveryarticlewithitsvoucher,certifiedthemtoberight;andthebalancedueforwhichhislordshippromis'dtogivemeanorderonthepaymaster.Thiswas,however,putofffromtimetotime;and,tho'Icall'doftenforitbyappointment,Ididnotgetit.Atlength,justbeforemydeparture,hetoldmehehad,onbetterconsideration,concludednottomixhisaccountswiththoseofhispredecessors."Andyou,"sayshe,"wheninEngland,haveonlytoexhibityouraccountsatthetreasury,andyouwillbepaidimmediately."
27Imention'd,butwithouteffect,thegreatandunexpectedexpenseIhadbeenputtobybeingdetain'dsolongatNewYork,asareasonformydesiringtobepresentlypaid;andonmyobservingthatitwasnotrightIshouldbeputtoanyfurthertroubleordelayinobtainingthemoneyIhadadvanc'd,asIchargednocommissionformyservice,"0,sir,"sayshe,"youmustnotthinkofpersuadingusthatyouarenogainer;weunderstandbetterthoseaffairs,andknowthateveryoneconcernedinsupplyingthearmyfindsmeans,inthedoingit,tofillhisownpockets."Iassur'dhimthatwasnotmycase,andthatIhadnotpocketedafarthing;butheappear'dclearlynottobelieveme;and,indeed,Ihavesincelearntthatimmensefortunesareoftenmadeinsuchemployments.Astomyballance,Iamnotpaidittothisday,ofwhichmorehereafter.
28Ourcaptainofthepaquethadboastedmuch,beforewesailed,oftheswiftnessofhisship;unfortunately,whenwecametosea,sheprovedthedullestofninety-sixsail,tohisnosmallmortification.Aftermanyconjecturesrespectingthecause,whenwewerenearanothershipalmostasdullasours,which,however,gain'duponus,thecaptainorderedallhandstocomeaft,andstandasneartheensignstaffaspossible.Wewere,passengersincluded,aboutfortypersons.Whilewestoodthere,theshipmendedherpace,andsoonleftherneighbourfarbehind,whichprov'dclearlywhatourcaptainsuspected,thatshewasloadedtoomuchbythehead.Thecasksofwater,itseems,hadbeenallplac'dforward;thesehethereforeorder'dtobemov'dfurtheraft,onwhichtheshiprecover'dhercharacter,andprovedthesailerinthefleet.
29Thecaptainsaidshehadoncegoneattherateofthirteenknots,whichisaccountedthirteenmilesperhour.Wehadonboard,asapassenger,CaptainKennedy,oftheNavy,whocontendedthatitwasimpossible,andthatnoshipeversailedsofast,andthattheremusthavebeensomeerrorinthedivisionofthelog-line,orsomemistakeinheavingthelog.Awagerensu'dbetweenthetwocaptains,tobedecidedwhenthereshouldbesufficientwind.Kennedythereuponexamin'drigorouslythelog-line,and,beingsatisfi'dwiththat,hedetermin'dtothrowtheloghimself.Accordinglysomedaysafter,whenthewindblewveryfairandfresh,andthecaptainofthepaquet,Lutwidge,saidhebeliev'dshethenwentattherateofthirteenknots,Kennedymadetheexperiment,andown'dhiswagerlost.
30TheabovefactIgiveforthesakeofthefollowingobservation.Ithasbeenremark'd,asanimperfectionintheartofship-building,thatitcanneverbeknown,tillsheistried,whetheranewshipwillorwillnotbeagoodsailer;forthatthemodelofagood-sailingshiphasbeenexactlyfollow'dinanewone,whichhasprov'd,onthecontrary,remarkablydull.Iapprehendthatthismaypartlybeoccasion'dbythedifferentopinionsofseamenrespectingthemodesoflading,rigging,andsailingofaship;eachhashissystem;andthesamevessel,ladenbythejudgmentandordersofonecaptain,shallsailbetterorworsethanwhenbytheordersofanother.Besides,itscarceeverhappensthatashipisform'd,fittedforthesea,andsail'dbythesameperson.Onemanbuildsthehull,anotherrigsher,athirdladesandsailsher.Nooneofthesehastheadvantageofknowingalltheideasandexperienceoftheothers,and,therefore,cannotdrawjustconclusionsfromacombinationofthewhole.
31Eveninthesimpleoperationofsailingwhenatsea,Ihaveoftenobserv'ddifferentjudgmentsintheofficerswhocommandedthesuccessivewatches,thewindbeingthesame.Onewouldhavethesailstrimm'dsharperorflatterthananother,sothattheyseem'dtohavenocertainruletogovernby.YetIthinkasetofexperimentsmightbeinstituted,first,todeterminethemostproperformofthehullforswiftsailing;next,thebestdimensionsandproperestplaceforthemasts:thentheformandquantityofsails,andtheirposition,asthewindmaybe;and,lastly,thedispositionofthelading.Thisisanageofexperiments,andIthinkasetaccuratelymadeandcombin'dwouldbeofgreatuse.Iampersuaded,therefore,thaterelongsomeingeniousphilosopherwillundertakeit,towhomIwishsuccess.
32Wewereseveraltimeschas'dinourpassage,butoutsail'deverything,andinthirtydayshadsoundings.Wehadagoodobservation,andthecaptainjudg'dhimselfsonearourport,Falmouth,that,ifwemadeagoodruninthenight,wemightbeoffthemouthofthatharborinthemorning,andbyrunninginthenightmightescapethenoticeoftheenemy'sprivateers,whooftencrus'dneartheentranceofthechannel.Accordingly,allthesailwassetthatwecouldpossiblymake,andthewindbeingveryfreshandfair,wewentrightbeforeit,andmadegreatway.Thecaptain,afterhisobservation,shap'dhiscourse,ashethought,soastopasswideoftheScillyIsles;butitseemsthereissometimesastrongindraughtsettingupSt.George'sChannel,whichdeceivesseamenandcausedthelossofSirCloudesleyShovel'ssquadron.Thisindraughtwasprobablythecauseofwhathappenedtous.
33Wehadawatchmanplac'dinthebow,towhomtheyoftencalled,"Lookwelloutbeforethere,"andheasoftenanswered,"Ayay;"butperhapshadhiseyesshut,andwashalfasleepatthetime,theysometimesanswering,asissaid,mechanically;forhedidnotseealightjustbeforeus,whichhadbeenhidbythestuddingsailsfromthemanatthehelm,andfromtherestofthewatch,butbyanaccidentalyawoftheshipwasdiscover'd,andoccasion'dagreatalarm,webeingverynearit,thelightappearingtomeasbigasacart-wheel.Itwasmidnight,andourcaptainfastasleep;butCaptainKennedy,jumpingupondeck,andseeingthedanger,orderedtheshiptowearround,allsailsstanding;anoperationdangeroustothemasts,butitcarriedusclear,andweescapedshipwreck,forwewererunningrightupontherocksonwhichthelight-housewaserected.Thisdeliveranceimpressedmestronglywiththeutilityoflight-houses,andmademeresolvetoencouragethebuildingmoreoftheminAmerica,ifIshouldlivetoreturnthere.
34Inthemorningitwasfoundbythesoundings,etc.,thatwewerenearourport,butathickfoghidthelandfromoursight.Aboutnineo'clockthefogbegantorise,andseem'dtobeliftedupfromthewaterlikethecurtainataplay-house,discoveringunderneath,thetownofFalmouth,thevesselsinitsharbor,andthefieldsthatsurroundedit.Thiswasamostpleasingspectacletothosewhohadbeensolongwithoutanyotherprospectsthantheuniformviewofavacantocean,anditgaveusthemorepleasureaswewerenowfreefromtheanxietieswhichthestateofwaroccasion'd.
35Isetoutimmediately,withmyson,forLondon,andweonlystoptalittlebythewaytoviewStonehengeonSalisburyPlain,andLordPembroke'shouseandgardens,withhisverycuriousantiquitiesatWilton.WearrivedinLondonthe27thofJuly,1757.
HereterminatestheAutobiography,aspublishedbyWm.TempleFranklinandhissuccessors.WhatfollowswaswritteninthelastyearofDr.Franklin'slife,andwasfirstprinted(inEnglish)inMr.Bigelow'seditionof1868.—ED.
36AssoonasIwassettledinalodgingMr.Charleshadprovidedforme,IwenttovisitDr.Fothergill,towhomIwasstronglyrecommended,andwhosecounselrespectingmyproceedingsIwasadvis'dtoobtain.Hewasagainstanimmediatecomplainttogovernment,andthoughttheproprietariesshouldfirstbepersonallyappli'dto,whomightpossiblybeinduc'dbytheinterpositionandpersuasionofsomeprivatefriends,toaccommodatemattersamicably.Ithenwaitedonmyoldfriendandcorrespondent,Mr.PeterCollinson,whotoldmethatJohnHanbury,thegreatVirginiamerchant,hadrequestedtobeinformedwhenIshouldarrive,thathemightcarrymetoLordGranville's,whowasthenPresidentoftheCouncilandwishedtoseemeassoonaspossible.Iagreedtogowithhimthenextmorning.AccordinglyMr.Hanburycalledformeandtookmeinhiscarriagetothatnobleman's,whoreceiv'dmewithgreatcivility;andaftersomequestionsrespectingthepresentstateofaffairsinAmericaanddiscoursethereupon,hesaidtome:"YouAmericanshavewrongideasofthenatureofyourconstitution;youcontendthattheking'sinstructionstohisgovernorsarenotlaws,andthinkyourselvesatlibertytoregardordisregardthematyourowndiscretion.Butthoseinstructionsarenotlikethepocketinstructionsgiventoaministergoingabroad,forregulatinghisconductinsometriflingpointofceremony.Theyarefirstdrawnupbyjudgeslearnedinthelaws;theyarethenconsidered,debated,andperhapsamendedinCouncil,afterwhichtheyaresignedbytheking.Theyarethen,sofarastheyrelatetoyou,thelawoftheland,forthekingistheLEGISLATOROFTHECOLONIES."Itoldhislordshipthiswasnewdoctrinetome.IhadalwaysunderstoodfromourchartersthatourlawsweretobemadebyourAssemblies,tobepresentedindeedtothekingforhisroyalassent,butthatbeingoncegiventhekingcouldnotrepealoralterthem.AndastheAssembliescouldnotmakepermanentlawswithouthisassent,soneithercouldhemakealawforthemwithouttheirs.Heassur'dmeIwastotallymistaken.Ididnotthinkso,however,andhislordship'sconversationhavingalittlealarm'dmeastowhatmightbethesentimentsofthecourtconcerningus,IwroteitdownassoonasIreturn'dtomylodgings.Irecollectedthatabout20yearsbefore,aclauseinabillbroughtintoParliamentbytheministryhadpropos'dtomaketheking'sinstructionslawsinthecolonies,buttheclausewasthrownoutbytheCommons,forwhichweadoredthemasourfriendsandfriendsofliberty,tillbytheirconducttowardsusin1765itseem'dthattheyhadrefus'dthatpointofsovereigntytothekingonlythattheymightreserveitforthemselves.
37Aftersomedays,Dr.Fothergillhavingspokentotheproprietaries,theyagreedtoameetingwithmeatMr.T.Penn'shouseinSpringGarden.Theconversationatfirstconsistedofmutualdeclarationsofdispositiontoreasonableaccommodations,butIsupposeeachpartyhaditsownideasofwhatshouldbemeantbyreasonable.Wethenwentintoconsiderationofourseveralpointsofcomplaint,whichIenumerated.Theproprietariesjustify'dtheirconductaswellastheycould,andItheAssembly's.Wenowappearedverywide,andsofarfromeachotherinouropinionsastodiscourageallhopeofagreement.However,itwasconcludedthatIshouldgivethemtheheadsofourcomplaintsinwriting,andtheypromis'dthentoconsiderthem.Ididsosoonafter,buttheyputthepaperintothehandsoftheirsolicitor,FerdinandJohnParis,whomanagedforthemalltheirlawbusinessintheirgreatsuitwiththeneighbouringproprietaryofMaryland,LordBaltimore,whichhadsubsisted70years,andwroteforthemalltheirpapersandmessagesintheirdisputewiththeAssembly.Hewasaproud,angryman,andasIhadoccasionallyintheanswersoftheAssemblytreatedhispaperswithsomeseverity,theybeingreallyweakinpointofargumentandhaughtyinexpression,hehadconceivedamortalenmitytome,whichdiscoveringitselfwheneverwemet,Ideclin'dtheproprietary'sproposalthatheandIshoulddiscusstheheadsofcomplaintbetweenourtwoselves,andrefus'dtreatingwithanyonebutthem.TheythenbyhisadviceputthepaperintothehandsoftheAttorneyandSolicitor-Generalfortheiropinionandcounseluponit,whereitlayunansweredayearwantingeightdays,duringwhichtimeImadefrequentdemandsofananswerfromtheproprietaries,butwithoutobtaininganyotherthanthattheyhadnotyetreceivedtheopinionoftheAttorneyandSolicitor-General.WhatitwaswhentheydidreceiveitIneverlearnt,fortheydidnotcommunicateittome,butsentalongmessagetotheAssemblydrawnandsignedbyParis,recitingmypaper,complainingofitswantofformality,asarudenessonmypart,andgivingaflimsyjustificationoftheirconduct,addingthattheyshouldbewillingtoaccommodatemattersiftheAssemblywouldsendout"somepersonofcandour"totreatwiththemforthatpurpose,intimatingtherebythatIwasnotsuch.
38Thewantofformalityorrudenesswas,probably,mynothavingaddress'dthepapertothemwiththeirassum'dtitlesofTrueandAbsoluteProprietariesoftheProvinceofPennsylvania,whichIomittedasnotthinkingitnecessaryinapaper,theintentionofwhichwasonlytoreducetoacertaintybywriting,whatinconversationIhaddeliveredvivavoce.
Butduringthisdelay,theAssemblyhavingprevailedwithGov'rDennytopassanacttaxingtheproprietaryestateincommonwiththeestatesofthepeople,whichwasthegrandpointindispute,theyomittedansweringthemessage.
39Whenthisacthowevercameover,theproprietaries,counselledbyParis,determinedtoopposeitsreceivingtheroyalassent.Accordinglytheypetition'dthekinginCouncil,andahearingwasappointedinwhichtwolawyerswereemploy'dbythemagainsttheact,andtwobymeinsupportofit.Theyalledg'dthattheactwasintendedtoloadtheproprietaryestateinordertosparethoseofthepeople,andthatifitweresuffer'dtocontinueinforce,andtheproprietarieswhowereinodiumwiththepeople,lefttotheirmercyinproportioningthetaxes,theywouldinevitablyberuined.Wereply'dthattheacthadnosuchintention,andwouldhavenosucheffect.Thattheassessorswerehonestanddiscreetmenunderanoathtoassessfairlyandequitably,andthatanyadvantageeachofthemmightexpectinlesseninghisowntaxbyaugmentingthatoftheproprietarieswastootriflingtoinducethemtoperjurethemselves.ThisisthepurportofwhatIrememberasurgedbybothsides,exceptthatweinsistedstronglyonthemischievousconsequencesthatmustattendarepeal,forthatthemoney,?100,000,beingprintedandgiventotheking'suse,expendedinhisservice,andnowspreadamongthepeople,therepealwouldstrikeitdeadintheirhandstotheruinofmany,andthetotaldiscouragementoffuturegrants,andtheselfishnessoftheproprietorsinsolicitingsuchageneralcatastrophe,merelyfromagroundlessfearoftheirestatebeingtaxedtoohighly,wasinsistedoninthestrongestterms.Onthis,LordMansfield,oneofthecounselrose,andbeckoningmetookmeintotheclerk'schamber,whilethelawyerswerepleading,andaskedmeifIwasreallyofopinionthatnoinjurywouldbedonetheproprietaryestateintheexecutionoftheact.Isaidcertainly."Then,"sayshe,"youcanhavelittleobjectiontoenterintoanengagementtoassurethatpoint."Ianswer'd,"Noneatall."Hethencall'dinParis,andaftersomediscourse,hislordship'spropositionwasacceptedonbothsides;apapertothepurposewasdrawnupbytheClerkoftheCouncil,whichIsign'dwithMr.Charles,whowasalsoanAgentoftheProvincefortheirordinaryaffairs,whenLordMansfieldreturnedtotheCouncilChamber,wherefinallythelawwasallowedtopass.Somechangeswerehoweverrecommendedandwealsoengagedtheyshouldbemadebyasubsequentlaw,buttheAssemblydidnotthinkthemnecessary;foroneyear'staxhavingbeenleviedbytheactbeforetheorderofCouncilarrived,theyappointedacommitteetoexaminetheproceedingsoftheassessors,andonthiscommitteetheyputseveralparticularfriendsoftheproprietaries.Afterafullenquiry,theyunanimouslysign'dareportthattheyfoundthetaxhadbeenassess'dwithperfectequity.
40TheAssemblylookedintomyenteringintothefirstpartoftheengagement,asanessentialservicetotheProvince,sinceitsecuredthecreditofthepapermoneythenspreadoverallthecountry.TheygavemetheirthanksinformwhenIreturn'd.ButtheproprietarieswereenragedatGovernorDennyforhavingpass'dtheact,andturn'dhimoutwiththreatsofsuinghimforbreachofinstructionswhichhehadgivenbondtoobserve.He,however,havingdoneitattheinstanceoftheGeneral,andforHisMajesty'sservice,andhavingsomepowerfulinterestatcourt,despis'dthethreatsandtheywereneverputinexecution.