第五章
1「秩序」這一美德要求每件事情都有其分配的時間,我的小本子裡有一頁記載有一天24小時的作息時間表。
★★★★
★★★★
★★★★
★★★★
★★★★
2我每天按照這個計劃進行自我檢視,堅持了一段時間,只是偶爾有所間斷。我很驚訝地發現我自己的缺點比我想像的多多了,但是我也很開心地看到它們慢慢地變少了。為了避免不斷地製作小冊子的麻煩,我就把紙上的老過失擦掉以便騰出空地方來進行新的循環。這樣,小本子就變的到處是洞了。我把畫有表格和寫有誡言的紙換成備忘錄用的厚紙。線是用紅墨水畫的,這樣就更經久耐用,我用黑色的鉛筆在上面記錄我的過失,可以很容易就用海綿擦掉。一段時間以後,在一年內我完成了一個循環,後來幾年才完成一個循環,最後,我就完全廢棄了這種做法。因為在外旅行或者出國公幹的時候,有很多事情要做,但我總是把那本小本子帶在身邊。
3我那個「秩序」的計劃給我帶來的麻煩最多。我發現,對一個能夠支配自己時間的人來說,這個計劃是可行的,比如,一個印刷工;但對一個生意人來說,就不太可行了,因為他要到處出差,接見隨時來訪的客人。秩序,對於東西的擺放來說,我發現也是很難做到的。我早年的時候,擁有超過常人的記憶力,我還感覺不到沒有秩序亂放東西的不便。因此,這項計劃花了我不少心血。我在它上面所犯的錯誤讓我很惱怒,我在這方面的進步也非常小,而且老毛病老是復發,我都幾乎想放棄這個計劃了,而滿足於在那個方面有缺陷的品德了。這就像我的鄰居買了一把斧頭,他希望斧身和斧刃一樣亮。鐵匠答應如果他願意搖砂輪的話,他就替他把斧身磨的和斧刃一樣亮。於是,我的鄰居就去搖那個砂輪,由於鐵匠把斧頭的寬面緊緊地壓在旋轉的砂輪上,搖那個砂輪就很費力了。那個人不時地從砂輪那頭跑過來看下進度到哪裡了,最後他寧願不磨了,就把那個斧頭拿走。鐵匠說:「不行,繼續,繼續,再搖下,我們馬上就可以把它磨亮了。現在只有一點斑點了。」「但我想有斑點的斧頭是最好的」,鄰居回答鐵匠道。我想許多人都是這樣的,由於他們沒有使用我上面使用的方法,他們發現要破除壞習慣,獲得好品性是很難的,最終他們就放棄努力了,給出的結論是「有斑點的斧頭是最好的」。某些似乎是理智的東西不時在提醒我,像我這樣對美德的吹毛求疵可能是一種道德上的紈褲習氣,如果大家知道了的話,會認為我是很可笑的。這種所謂的完美品格還可能招致妒忌和怨恨。一個仁慈的人應該允許在他身上有些瑕疵,以固全他朋友的顏面。
4事實上,我發現我自己在「秩序」這方面實在是不可救藥。我現在人老了,記憶力也衰退了,我感覺自己很需要「秩序」這個東西。但是,總的說來,我從來沒有達到我想要達到的那個程度,而且差的很遠。但是,通過努力,我現在卻比我沒有努力前更快樂,更好。這就像那些為了獲得完美書法而臨帖寫字的人,儘管他們從來達不到他們所臨帖的那樣好,但是,通過努力,他們的書法得到了改進,字寫的不錯了,而且還越來越清晰好看。
5我的子孫如果知道他的祖先就是靠了這個小計劃,在上帝的庇佑下而獲得了一生的幸福,到今天他已經79歲了,還在寫他的自傳,那我就很欣慰了。至於我晚年還會遭遇什麼厄運,那就只有天知道了,但是,就算厄運真的臨頭,他過去的歲月中所享有的快樂也足以讓他順天由命了。
6「節制」使他長壽,到現在他的身體還很不錯。「勤奮」與「節儉」使他很早就有個好的環境,擁有不菲的財富。擁有知識使他成為一個有用的公民,使他在知識界擁有一定的知名度。「真誠」與「正義「使他得到了國家的信任,讓他擔任種種體面的職位。這些美德加起來的總影響就算不能達到一種完美的境界,也可以使他的談吐平和、愉悅。那些都使他的夥伴們很喜歡他,甚至也俘獲了年輕人的心。因此,我希望,我的後代能夠遵循這些教導,收穫利益。
7我現在想說的是,儘管我的計劃並不是完全沒有宗教成分,但是在其中,絕對沒有任何個別宗教的特殊教義。我是有意避免這樣做,因為我充分相信我這樣做的效用和優勢。那樣就對所有的教派都是適用的。由於我還打算什麼時候把它拿去出版,我絕不能允許在裡面有對其他教派的偏見,以至被人反對。我還打算為每一項美德寫點評注,以向人展示擁有這項美德的好處,走向其反面的壞處。並且我會把我的這本是取名為《德性的藝術》,因為它會告訴人們獲得美德的方法和方式。這將使它和那些僅僅告訴人們什麼是好,卻不告訴人們怎麼樣才可以「好」的書區分開來。就像那些口頭上的慈善家,他們只會對那些沒有衣服穿,沒有飯吃的人說「要吃好穿好」,卻不告訴人們怎麼樣到那裡可以得到這些。
8但是我打算撰寫和出版這些評注的計劃從來沒有實現。事實上,我確實不時記下自己的一點感想、評論等,以備以後使用,其中的一些東西還在我手上。但是,由於我早年必須要密切注意我的生意,其後又有很多公務,這樣我就時常把它往後拖。我覺得這是一個非常宏大的計劃,要求一個人投入全部的精力去做才行。一連串沒有預料的事情把這件事情拖延了下來,因此到現在為止還沒有完成。
9在這一部分,我本來打算闡釋和強調這樣一個理論,那就是,邪惡的東西有害並不是因為它在被禁止之列;它之所以被禁止,是因為它本身是有害的。單從人性方面來考慮,就算是在這個凡間,利益和美德也是統一的。因此,從這一點出發(在這個世界上總是有許多富商、貴族、國家和王侯需要誠實的人去做管理工作,而這種誠實又太罕見了。),我努力使年輕人相信世間上除了誠實和正直沒有什麼東西可能使一個窮人變得富有。
我開始所列的美德只有12項,但是後來一個教友會的朋友好心告訴我,大家普遍都覺得我很驕傲。我的驕傲時時在我們的談話中表現出來。當我在討論問題的時候,我不滿足於僅僅正確,還很盛氣凌人,甚至還有點傲慢無禮。他給我舉了幾個事例來證實。我決心下苦功在克服其它缺點的同時克服這個缺點或者說愚蠢的行為。於是,我把謙遜加到我的計劃裡去,並且賦予其廣泛的內涵。
10我不敢吹噓自己在「謙遜」方面取得了多麼了不起的成就,但從表面上看來我卻進步不小。我絕不說出直接和別人意見相反的話,絕不斷然肯定自己的意見,這是我給自己定的鐵律。我甚至照搬「講讀俱樂部」的老辦法來規制自己,不得使用諸如「肯定」、「毫無疑問」等等表示肯定的詞。我使用的替代詞彙是「我認為」、「按我的理解來看」、「我覺得這件事情是這樣的」或者「我現在覺得」等等。當一個所說的東西我覺得是錯誤的時候,我並不粗暴地駁斥他的意見以得到駁斥的快感。我也不會立即指出他的陳述裡面荒謬的東西。我會對他說,據考察,他的論點在一定情況和環境裡可能是正確的,但是,在目前條件下,好像似乎有點問題等等。我不久就發現改變說話方式帶來的好處了。我和別人的談話進行的更愉快了。我謙遜的談話態度使得我的意見更容易獲得他們的接受和更少的牴觸。我講錯話了也不會引起什麼羞辱。當我的意見碰巧正確的話,我就更加容易讓對方放棄了他們的錯誤,而和我站在一起。
11這種方式,起初做起來覺得十分彆扭,後來漸漸適應,漸漸習慣了,這或許是因為在過去的50年沒有人聽我說過一句武斷的話吧。在我早年,我提出一個建立新制度的建議,或者修改舊制度都能獲得大家的採納,後來成為議員後,這個建議在公眾中也頗有影響,我想這主要應該歸功於我謙遜的品質(拋開我誠實正直的品質來講)因為我不是個雄辯演說家,選詞造句總猶豫不決,在言語上很難表達我正確的思想,儘管如此,我的主張仍然得到人們的支持。
12其實在現實中,人類的自然情感沒有一種比驕傲更難馴服的了,儘管我們欺騙它,與它鬥爭,把它打倒,悶死它,高興的時候想怎麼修理就怎麼修理它,可是它卻依然存在,還不時地冒出來炫耀炫耀,簡直難斷其根。比如,甚至像我這樣自認為已經完全克服了驕傲的人也許由於我的謙卑而又驕傲起來。
(以上寫於帕西,1741年)
131788年8月,現在我在家裡開始動筆了,許多筆記大多已在戰爭中散失,因而不能寫的像我想像中的那麼好。然而,所幸還是找到了下面這一些。
就這裡所給出的計劃和對像而言,這個計劃看起來是正確的。它第一次出現在我的腦海裡,是以下的片斷,我把它們偶然地保存了下來。
1731年5月19日,在圖書館,我觀察到我所閱讀的歷史。
14世界上的重大事件如戰爭,革命等大都由政黨推進或影響。
這些政黨的見解大都代表了他們當前大部分人的利益,或者正是他們要著手獲取的。
不同政黨之間的不同政見是混亂之源。
15當一個政黨在實施他偉大的藍圖時,黨內每個成員心目中都有權保留他獨特的個人利益。
在政黨獲得他的較大的目標後,每個成員如果都堅持要求得到他的那份利益甚至不惜踐踏他人的利益,這就會給黨造成分裂,因而也會引起更大的混亂。
不管他們嘴上怎麼說,政界中的人是很少只從國家利益這一目的來做事的。儘管他們的行為對他們的國家有真正的好處,但是人們仍然會從整體上看待個人和國家利益的,並不純粹是出於愛國熱誠。
16在政界中能為人類利益服務的幾乎少得可憐。
在我看來,當前很有必要把各國有德行而又善良的人組成一個正規的團體,名為「聯合道德黨」,由明智的、恰當的理論來領導,黨員們要服從這樣的黨章。這些善良而又明智的人,如果和普通人遵守普通法相比,當然能更自覺地遵守黨章了。
目前我認為假如有一個德高望重的人來試辦這樣的黨,他必然會得到上帝的賜福,一定會辦成功!!
本傑明·富蘭克林
17我常在心裡尋思,當我一有空閒的時間就從事這一工作。因而在籌劃前期我就不時地把那些偶爾出現在我腦海裡的構想記下來。可惜的是,這些筆記大部分也遺失了。但我找到了一個原擬為教條草案要旨的文件,其中包含了一些我當時認為是各派宗教的精髓的東西,它擯棄了一切引起各教派信徒都反對的東西。原文如下:
天地萬物皆由上帝創造。
上帝以天道總控萬物。
世人應對上帝充滿崇拜,感恩之情,祈禱上帝庇佑。
但是上帝最喜歡對人行善。
靈魂永存。
不管在今生或來世,上帝都懲惡揚善。
18當時我的這一理念還是個秘密,只對年青的單身漢宣傳,每一個加入的信徒不但要宣佈接受這些教條,而且應當按照前述方式,對於那些美德要接受13個星期的考查和實踐。這一組織的存在應當暫時保密,直到信徒增加到相當人數時為止,以防壞人申請入教,但是信徒們應當在友人中物色悟性較強、性情溫和的青年,逐步審慎地告訴他們關於這一組織的計劃。信徒們應當保證在個人的利益、事業和發展中互相勸勉、協助和支持。這一組織將定名為「自由自如會」所謂自由,系指由於普遍地養成了實踐美德的習慣以後人們能脫離罪惡的統治而言,特別是只在養成了勤儉的美德後人們可以避免負債,負債使人有遭受拘禁和成為債主奴隸的危險。
19關於這一計劃我所能記起來的就只有這些了。我記得我曾經把一部分計劃告訴過兩個年輕人,他們相當熱情地支持這樣做;但是由於我當時境遇困頓,必須兢兢業業地操持業務,因此當時不得不把這計劃的進一步執行留待日後。後來又由於千頭萬緒的公私事物纏身,使我一再延期,直到後來我已沒有足夠的精力和時間來從事這一事業。可是,至今為止我還認為這是一個切實可行的計劃,如果能夠把許多好公民組織起來,可能是一件十分有益的事。同時,我也沒有被這件事的外在艱巨所嚇倒。而我一向認為一個人只有具有堅忍的能力才能促成偉大的變革,才能在人世間做一番偉大的事業,假如他一開始就能制定一個好的行動計劃,擯棄一切足以分散他注意力的娛樂和其它工作,把執行計劃當做他惟一的目標和工作。
20在1732年我第一次使用了理查德·桑得斯的名字出版了我的歷書。一直持續了25年之久,一般叫做《窮理查德歷書》。我設法使它既有趣又有用,因此它大受歡迎,使我從中獲利不少,每年的銷售量高達一萬冊。大多數人都在讀這本書,在賓西法尼亞以及附近幾個州幾乎每幾家中就有一本,因而我就認為這是在普通人民中間進行教育的一種恰當的工具,那時的人幾乎就只買這本書。因此我把成語箴言印在歷書中重要的日子空白處,這些箴言主要是關於勤儉致富而獲得美德之類的,因為一個人要長期堅持誠實廉潔是比較困難的,在這裡引用一句成語來說吧:「一隻空袋子是不容易站的筆直的。
21這些諺語,來自各個民族、各個時代智慧的精華,我把它們收集起來寫成一篇文章印在了1757年的歷書首頁,作為一個明智的老人在參加一個拍賣活動時向公眾所做的一篇長篇大論。將這些分散的箴言收集在一起相信能對人們產生更大的影響。因此這篇文章受到了普遍的好評,幾乎美洲的所有報紙都全篇轉載它,在英國,人們用巨幅的紙張翻印了它,並把它張貼在家裡以示警戒,在法國,它有兩個譯本,貴族和牧師們也大量購買並把它們免費贈送給貧苦的教區居民和佃戶們。在賓西法尼亞,因為它反對把錢財浪費在外國奢侈品上,因而人們認為在它出版後的幾年裡市場上的貨幣的增長跟它的影響是分不開的。
22我的報紙,我認為也是進行教育的一種手段,因此我常在報上轉載《旁觀者》或其他有關倫理道德的文章摘要。有時候我也發表一些我自己的短文,它們原先是為「密社」中討論而撰寫的。我的文章有一篇是用蘇格拉底式的對話體寫成的,旨在證明一個壞人不管他的資質和才能如何,如果道德品質低劣,他就不能真正成為一個明達的人。另一篇論自製克己,指出在培養某種品德時,要直到該美德成為一種習慣,而且還不能受與它相反的嗜好干擾時才算成功。這些文章大約可以在1735年初的報上找到。
23在經營我的報紙過程中,我小心地避免登載一切誹謗性的和帶有人身攻擊意味的文章,這種誹謗和污蔑近年來已成為我們國家一種莫大的恥辱。當人們要求我刊登這一類的東西時,作者也總理直氣壯地說,我們有出版自由,報紙有如公共馬車,任何人只要他願意出錢都可以在上面佔一個位子。我也不客氣地回敬:假如他願意,我可以為他單獨發行,但由他自己分發,他需要多少份我都可以辦到,而我沒有義務替他散播譭謗。因為既然我跟我的訂戶訂了合同,承諾向他們提供一些有益或是有趣的東西,那麼我就不能在他們的報紙上刊登與他們無關的私人口角。假如我這樣做,我就是違約的,雖然他們不會責備我,而顯然這樣是對他們不公道的。眼下在我們報紙發行這個行業中有許多人,為了滿足個別人士發洩怨恨的要求,毫不猶豫地刊登一些無事生非的污蔑性的文章,譭謗我們中間一些品德最優秀的人,挑撥是非,甚至引起決鬥。此外,有些報紙甚至隨便地刊登一些文章指責和評判鄰國政府和我國最好的盟國政府的政治措施,而這些評論又是非常愚蠢粗鄙的,這種舉動可能會引起巨大的災難性的後果。我提這些事,是為了告誡年輕的報紙發行人,切不可貪眼前的一時痛快而毀掉自己報紙的前程。他們應當堅決地抵制這樣病態的要求,因為從我的例子中可看到:拒絕刊登侮辱性的文章從長遠來看,是不會和他們的利益相違背的。
241733年我派了我的一個職工去南卡羅來納州的查裡斯頓,因為那裡需要一家印刷鋪。我向他提供了一架印刷機和一些鉛字,跟他訂了一個合夥合同,我擔負三分之一的開銷,同時他要向我繳納三分之一的利潤。他是個博學的人,誠實廉潔,但美中不足的是不懂會計。所以有時候他會匯款給我,但我卻得不到他詳細的財務賬目。甚至到他死都沒得到過一個令人滿意的、有關我們合夥情況的賬目報告。在他死後,他的遺孀繼續管理印刷所的事物。她是荷蘭人,且在荷蘭長大。據說,在荷蘭會計是婦女受教育的一部分。她不但對以往的收支做了一個盡可能清楚詳細的報告,並且以後每季按時寄來十分精確的報告。在她的管理下,印刷所的事業相當成功,而且,她不但把一家孩子都養育成人,在合夥期滿後,還能夠把印刷所從我這盤了過去,令她的兒子繼續經營。
25我提這件事旨在向我們女性推薦這門學科,萬一以後不幸寡居,這門知識比起那些音樂或者舞蹈對她們和她們的子女來說應該更有用。它使她們不至於受壞人的欺騙而遭受損失,甚至使她們能夠靠著已經建立起來的通信關係繼續管理一家賺錢的商店,直到她們的兒子長大後,能夠繼續經營事業時為止,這樣對家庭只有好處沒有壞處。
26約在1734年一個叫韓博希的年輕傳教士從愛爾蘭跑到我們這裡來傳道。他聲音洪亮,而且講起道來,即使沒有準備也能講得口若懸河,頭頭是道。他的講道吸引了相當數量不同教派的人,他們異口同聲地讚美他,我跟那些人一樣,經常去聽他講道。我喜歡他的傳教,因為他不會照本宣科,而是以生動的例子來勸人為善、廣積功德。但是我們信徒當中有些自命為正統派長老會信徒的人,強烈反對他的看法;大多數年長的牧師都參加了這一派,並且向長老會的宗教議會提出控告,指責他為異端學說,並要禁止他在這裡傳教。我那時也是他熱烈的擁護者,並且盡我的力量來協助他,把擁護他的人組織起來,我們為他戰鬥了一個時期,那時候倒滿懷勝利的希望!雙方都在這時候進行了不少筆戰。我發現雖然他是一個極其雄辯的傳教士但文章寫的卻不行,因此我替他捉刀,代他寫了兩三本小冊子和一篇論文,於1735年4月在《公報》上發表。這些小冊子像其它的普通爭論性文章一樣,雖然當時風行一時,事後卻很快無人問津了。我想,現在可能連一本也找不到了吧。
27在論爭中發生了一件不幸的事,極大地損害了他的形象。對方有一個人,在聽完他的一篇大受人們讚美的講道以後,覺得以前在什麼地方讀到過類似的文章,至少有一部分曾經見過。經過一番搜索後,那人在一本英國的評論中找到了那段說教的詳細引文,原來這是引自浮士德博士的講道文,這一發現使我們當中許多人看不起他,因此不再支持他了,這樣我們在宗教議會中的鬥爭很快失敗了。但我始終支持他,因為我寧可聽他念別人寫的優秀的講道文,也不願聽他自己杜撰的惡劣的說教,儘管我們普通的傳教士都是自己寫講道文。後來他向我坦白說他的說教全都不是自己寫的,他還說他的記憶力過人,任何講道文一經過目,就能成誦。我們被擊潰後,他就離開了這裡,到別處碰運氣去了,我也離開了這個教會,以後再也沒加入這一教會了,可多年以來,我依然捐獻維持這一教會的牧師們。
281733年我開始學習法語。不久我便獲得了足夠的法語知識,能夠順利地閱讀法語書籍。接著我又學習意大利語。當時一個朋友也在學習意大利語,他常約我下棋。可這下棋的時間超過了我原定的學習時間,我不得不拒絕再跟他下棋了,除非有個這樣的條件,那就是:每盤棋的勝利者有權指定一種作業,不論是語法方面的背誦還是句子的翻譯,失敗的一方要保證在我們下次下棋之前做好作業。因為我們的棋藝不相上下,這樣我們就相互把意大利語灌輸到各人的頭腦中去了。以後我又花了點時間去學西班牙語,也能閱讀西班牙語書籍了。
29我在上面已經提到過,在我幼年時曾在拉丁語學校裡學過一年拉丁文,後來我就完全把它置之腦後了。但當我熟悉了法語,意大利語和西班牙語後,再翻閱一本拉丁文聖經時,我出乎意料地發現,我所掌握的拉丁文遠比我想像的多,這就鼓勵了我再去專心學習拉丁文,我的收穫很大,因為以前學過的幾種語言大大地替我鋪平了道路。
30從這種情況來看,我覺得我們通常教外語的方式有些問題。有人建議,我們學習語言應從拉丁文開始,在學會了拉丁文後再學習由拉丁文演變而來的現代語言就會容易得多了。這種方法未嘗不合理。但是,為了更順利地學習拉丁文,我們為什麼不可以從希臘文或其它的什麼文開始呢?當然,假如你能不用台階就能攀到頂點,然後再從頂端往下走是比較容易的。但是毫無疑問,假如你從最簡單的部分開始學習,循序漸進,那樣也很容易攻克最難的部分。許多人學拉丁文,學了幾年後毫無成績就把它丟開了,他們所學的幾乎沒什麼用處,還白白浪費了幾年光陰。因此,我就建議主管我們青年教育的當局考慮是否應當從個別的語言開始,比如法語,意大利語等等,然後再學拉丁語。就這兩種情況我們可以設想一下:假如花同樣的時間,雖然都沒有把拉丁語學好,但後一種情況我們至少可以學會一種或兩種外語,而這些語言是現代社會通用的,所以即使沒有學會拉丁文,我們在日常生活中還是可以用到它們,而不比前一種方法——時間花了卻什麼也沒學到。
31我離開波士頓已經10年了,現在我的生活也較寬裕了,因此,我回了一趟老家,故地重遊,走親訪友。在這以前我還沒有充裕的財力做這樣的旅行,這一次也算榮歸故里吧!在回來的路上,我又去新港看了一下哥哥,這時他已經把他的印刷鋪搬到那裡去了。一見面,過去的舊嫌宿怨統統冰釋了,真是相逢一笑泯千仇啊!兄弟畢竟是兄弟!哥哥的身體已不如從前了,他的健康每況愈下。他可能預料到自己的大限已不遠了,對我有個請求,也算臨終遺願吧,讓我在他死後照顧好他年僅10歲的兒子,並使之子繼父業。我答應了,我先送他讀了幾年書,然後再讓他學印刷業。他母親那時繼續經營印刷所的業務,直到他成年。他成年後,我送了一套新鉛字給他,因為他父親留下來的鉛字有點磨損了。這樣我也終於能彌補當初,我過早地離開哥哥而給他帶來的種種損失了。
321736年,我一個可愛的兒子,那時才4歲,因感染天花而夭折了。在相當長的一段時期內,我痛心疾首,陷在深深的悔恨當中,直到現在,我都無法原諒自己為什麼不給他事先種痘。提這件傷心的往事,是為了提醒那些不替孩子們種痘的父母。萬一孩子因種痘而死,做父母的當然無法原諒自己,可是不種痘,我的例子業已證明,孩子也有同樣的危險!種痘比不種痘來說,相對生的機會大一些,因此,他們理應選擇一條危險較少的道路。
33我們的這個社團,是一個非常有益的組織,她的會員們也十分滿意。有些會員就想介紹他們的朋友來入會,但是假如這樣做,那就會超過我們早先決定的適當限額,也就是,12人。從一開始我們的社團就是秘密的,這一點我們都信守承諾。這樣做是為了我們社團的純潔,免得壞人混進社團,可是有些人我們難以拒絕。我,作為反對放寬限額的人員之一,折中了一下做了書面建議,提議每個會員應該分頭組織一個附屬社團,擬訂相同的討論規則,但是不得洩露它與本社團的聯繫。這個辦法的優點是:更多的青年公民可以利用我們的社團獲得提高,在任何時候,我們也可以更好地瞭解一般民眾的意見,因為我們社團的會員可以在分社中提出我們研究的論題,並且把各分社討論的經過、結果向社團報告;通過這樣集思廣益的方式,我們社團每個人在事業上都可以得到提高。而且我們還可以把社團的主張和看法輻射到各分社中去,這樣一來,我們的政治影響和為社會服務的力量也得到了加強。
34這個建議被採納了,每個會員就開始組織他的分社團,但是也並不是每個人都能成功,只有5、6個分社組織起來了,它們的名稱五花八門,像「葛籐社」、「協會」、「群社」等。他們不但對會員自己有益,而且給了我們不少的好處,比如提供消遣,擴大信息量,增加教益等,同時,在很大程度上與我們原先的期望相去不遠,在某些特殊的事件上對公眾的輿論也有相當的影響,以後在適當時候我還要舉出一些這類的事例。
351736年,我當選為州議會秘書,這是我生平第一次獲得陞遷。第一年我倒是獲得了一致通過,但到了第二年,當我又一次被提名時(秘書的任期,跟議員的任期一樣都是一年),一個新議員,為了另一個候選人的當選,發表了一篇長篇演說反對我,但我最後還是當選了。我心裡自然很高興,因為除了秘書職位本身的薪水外,我還可以利用這個職位做些生意,賺些外快。比如我可以同那些議員保持聯繫,進而招攬印刷選舉票、法律條文、紙幣和其它零星的公家生意。這些生意,總的來說,利潤是相當豐厚的。
36我由衷地寧願這位議員沒有反對過我,因為他不但是個財主,受過教育,而且還很能幹,日後必定成為議會中很有影響的人物。後來事實果然印證了這點。我不想對他阿諛奉承以期獲得他的青睞,但也不想和他就此結怨下去。後來我採取了另一種方案。我聽說他的藏書中有一本稀珍,當時就寫了一張便箋給他,表示我很想看那本書,希望他能借給我看幾天。他立刻把它寄來了,大約過了一星期我把書還給他,並附了一張便箋,熱烈地表示我的謝意。至此以後,我和他的關係有了轉機,後來我們在議會中見面時,他還跟我打招呼了(他以前從不如此),而且十分殷情有禮。從此以後,他在任何時候都願意幫我,我們也因此成了知己,我們的友誼一直持續到他生命結束。這又一次證明了我以前聽到的一句古老的格言,它說:「假如一個人幫了你一次忙,那麼以後他會比受過你恩惠的人更樂意幫助你。」同時,這件事也表明冤家宜解不宜結。
371737年,施保次烏上校,維吉尼亞的前任州長,當時的郵政總局局長,因不滿意費城郵務代辦在處理帳冊方面的疏忽失職,而革了他的職,之後提議我繼任。我欣然接受了。後來發現這個職位對我大有裨益,雖然它的薪水很少,但是它方便了通信的往來,間接地改進了報紙,因而使得報紙的發行量增加了,進而也招來了更多的廣告,結果這一連鎖好的反應,使得這一職位大大地增加了我的收入。而作為我多年勁敵的那家報館,卻相應地衰敗了,當年他在當郵務代辦期間不允許騎師給我遞送報紙。我對他這行為沒有採取打擊報復,因為這職位所帶來的收益已使我心滿意足了。會計在生活中是相當有用的,這個費城郵務代辦沒有對會計給予相當的重視,而給自己帶來了無盡的麻煩就是個很好的例子。年輕人應該謹記這個教訓,我們將來如果替別人做事,就該把財務理得一清二楚,規規矩矩地上繳款額。做到這一點,他的品德就是他最有力的推薦書,可以為他謀到更好的職位,招來更多的生意。
38我開始把精力稍稍轉到公共性質的事物上了。我先從小事入手。費城的巡邏制度是我認為急需加以整頓的事項之一。巡邏原由各區的警官輪流負責,警官預先通知若干戶主在夜裡跟他一起巡邏,那些不願巡邏的人每年必須出6先令,才可以免去這一差事。這些錢原定是僱傭代替人來巡邏的,但是實際上,卻遠遠超過了現實的需要,這就使得警官這一職位成為一個肥缺。警官們常常收羅一些乞丐無賴,給他們喝點酒,就叫他們一起去巡邏,但有一定地位的戶主卻不願與他們為伍。巡邏制度也常常被忽略了,那些巡邏的人大多數的夜晚是在喝酒中度過的。為此我寫了一篇論文,準備在社團內宣讀,指出這些不正常的情況,特別強調警察徵稅的問題,他們徵稅的時候不問納稅人的經濟情況,一律徵收6先令,這樣一來就不公平了,因為一個窮苦的寡婦,她需要保護的全部財產加起來恐怕也超不出50磅,而她所付的巡邏稅卻和一個萬貫家財的富商是一樣的。
39總得來說,我提出了一個較為有效可行的巡邏制度:即僱傭適當的人經常從事巡邏工作;對費用問題我也提出了較為公平的解決辦法,就是按照財產的比例課稅。經過社團內部會員同意後,這一觀點下傳給各分社團,作為各分社的提議。雖然這一計劃並未立刻實行,但在變革人們的思想觀點上我們做了準備,也為日後那條法律的通過鋪平了道路。那條法律通過後,我們社會員的地位已經日漸重要了。
40大概就在這時候我寫了一篇論文(先在社團內部宣讀,後來發表了),論及釀成火災的各種疏忽和防火須知,並勸人們小心火燭,大家都認為這是一篇好文章。因此,為了迅速撲滅火災以及在發生危險時相互協助搬運和保管貨物起見,就產生了組織消防隊的一個計劃。不久有13個人願意參加這一組織。根據我們的協議,每一隊員必須經常保持一定數量適用的皮水桶,結實的袋子和筐子(以便裝貨物);一有火災就必須立刻把它們運到現場。我們還決定每月開一次討論會,討論和交換我們所想出的有關防火的意見和想法,這些對我們在救災時或許有用。
41消防隊的作用不久就很明顯了。願意加入的人大大地超過了我們預想每隊的適當人數。因此,我們就建議他們另外再組織一個,他們照辦了。這樣新的消防隊組織一個接一個地多了起來,大多有房產的居民都加入了進來,真的有如雨後春筍!截止到我寫本文的這個時候,這個叫做「聯合消防隊」的組織已經有50多年了,現在它還很活躍,即使第一批隊員大部分都已過世,只剩下我和另外年紀較我長一歲的人還在。隊員因不出席每月的例會而交納的小額罰金都用來購置救火車、消防梯和其它對消防隊員有用的器械。我猜想世界上不會有其它比費城撲滅火災更為迅速的城市了。事實上,自從組織了這些消防隊後,費城從未有過燒燬一兩間住房以上的大火災了,通常也只在起火的房屋燒掉一半以前,火焰就被撲滅了。
421739年,懷特菲爾德牧師從愛爾蘭來到我們這裡,他是那兒的著名的巡迴傳教士。一開始他還被允許在這裡的某些教堂傳教,但是牧師們相當討厭他,不久就禁止他在我們這講道了,所以他就不得不在露天場合傳教了。千千萬萬不同教派的人都去聽他傳道,我也是其中之一。他的演說對聽眾具有非常巨大的影響,而且儘管他常常辱罵他們,說他們天生是一半畜生一半魔鬼,但他們還是非常讚美和尊敬他。這點我真是有點百思不得其解。他的傳教對我們當地風俗習慣的變化起了極大的作用,真令人驚歎!原來我們這些人認為宗教是無足輕重、可有可無的,現在全轉變過來了,好像人人都是宗教迷了;每當夕陽西下,假如這時候你到城裡各處走一遭,就會聽到每條街上,每個家庭都在唱讚美詩。
43露天集會常受天氣的影響,很不方便,所以就有人提出了建造教堂的主張,這主張一提出,籌款人一定,馬上就籌到了購買地皮修建教堂的足夠款項。這個教堂長100英尺,寬70英尺,面積大約與威斯敏斯忒教堂相當。這項工程做的熱火朝天,建得相當神速,短時期內便完工了。全部房產一概歸教堂董事會管理,並且明文規定,不管是信仰何種宗教的教士,只要是對費城人民傳教時,就都可以使用該教堂,因為該教堂的修建原不是為了某一教派的方便而是為了全體人民的利益。所以假使君士坦丁堡的伊斯蘭教要派一個傳教士向我們宣揚伊斯蘭教,他也可以使用這個教堂。
44懷特菲爾德先生離開我們以後沿路布道,經過各個殖民地直到佐治亞,佐治亞的殖民地剛建不久,那裡的移民大多不是吃苦耐勞的莊稼漢,而是惟一不得不忍受墾殖艱苦的那些破產的商人以及他們的家屬,還有其他的破產的債務人。其餘的便是一些好吃懶做的或者剛從監獄裡放出來的人,這些人住在荒天野地後,因為不善墾殖,不能忍受開荒的艱苦生活,大批地死亡了,留下了一大群孤苦無依的兒童。看到這種悲慘的情況後,懷特菲爾德先生仁慈的心大受震動,就想在那裡開辦一個孤兒院來撫養和教育這些孩子。因此他就北上宣傳這一慈善事業並且募捐,因為他仁慈的心,天才的演講,聽眾除了心悅誠服地慷慨解囊別無他法,我就是其中一個。所以他募集了大量的捐款。
45我並不反對他這個計劃,但是因為佐治亞在那時缺乏建築材料和工人,有人提議花錢把材料和工人從費城運過去。我想假如把孤兒院建在這裡,把孩子們接過來不是更好嗎?於是我就向他提出這個建議,可是遺憾的很,他還是堅持原先的計劃,不聽我的勸告。因此我就拒絕捐款。不久後,我有一次偶爾聽到他為籌款而布道,就暗地裡下了個決心,一個小錢也不給,那時我口袋中有少量的銅幣,3、4塊銀圓和5塊金幣。當他講的時候,我開始軟化了,我決定把銅幣給他。接著他的三寸不爛之舌又使我感到慚愧,覺得銅幣太少了,就決心把銀幣給他,但是當他結束時,我把口袋裡的錢如數倒入捐盤中,包括金幣和其它的一切。同時聽道的還有我們社團的一個會員,他也像我一樣,不贊成在佐治亞修建孤兒院,他猜想也許會被感動而捐款,所以為了預防起見,他從家裡出來之前把口袋裡的錢全倒出來了。不過在傳道快要結束的時候,他十分想捐點錢,他就請站在他旁邊的一個鄰居借錢給他捐。但是不幸的是他的鄰居也許是吃了秤砣鐵了心,完全不為懷特菲爾德先生的演講所動,並且說:「在任何時候,霍布金遜兄,您要借多少,我都借給你,但是現在不行,因為您好像中了蠱惑了!」
46懷特菲爾德先生的某些對頭故意宣稱他是想把這些捐款佔為己有,但是我和懷特菲爾德先生很熟(他常叫我替他印刷講道文,日記等),我從不懷疑他誠實廉潔的品質,直到今天,我仍堅信他的所作所為是誠實的。我想我為他作證,人們應當更加相信,因為我和他不屬於同一教派。雖然他也曾經為我的改變信教而祈禱過,但是這祈禱好像從來沒有奏效過,但這絲毫沒影響我們之間的關係。我們的關係僅僅是一種世俗的友誼關係,雙方都誠懇相處,這種友誼一直持續到他死為止。
47接下來的事例或許可以說明我和他之間的關係僅僅是世俗的友誼,他有一次從英國到了波士頓,寫信給我說不久要到費城來,但是不知道在費城的逗留期間內可以在什麼地方落腳,因為他聽說從前招待他的老朋友——貝內捨先生已經搬到日爾曼鎮去了。我在回信上說:「你知道我的住址,假如你不嫌簡陋的話,歡迎光臨!」他回信說:「假如你是看在基督的面上願意竭誠招待我,上帝一定會祝福酬勞你。」我回答他說:「不要把我弄錯了,我不是看在基督的面上,而是看在你的面子上。」我們的一個熟人知道後開玩笑道:「按聖徒們的習慣,他們受了別人的恩惠的時候,總把人情記在天上,不願說他們自己領了情,而你呢,卻偏把它記在地上」。
48上次在倫敦遇見了懷特菲爾德先生時候,他跟我談起了孤兒院房屋的問題,他說他打算把這些建築用來開辦一所大學。
49他講話時聲音洪亮清晰,每字每句的發音十分清晰,站在老遠地方的人也可以聽得清楚他的話,特別是不管他的觀眾多麼多的時候,人們都鴉雀無聲地聽著。有天晚上,他站在法院台階上面傳道,法院位於市場街中段和第二街西段,這兩條街成直角。當時兩條街上遠遠地站滿了人。我站在市場街的末端,我想知道他的聲音究竟可以傳得多遠,我一直向河邊、向反方向走,我發現他的聲音一直到離前街不遠的地方還可以聽得清楚,當我跑到前街時,街上的嘈雜聲才把它蓋住了。當時我就想:假如以我和他的距離作一個半圓,當中站滿聽眾,假定每人佔地兩平方英尺,我算了一下,至少有3萬人可以聽到他的講話。這時我才相信報紙的記載,說他曾經在曠野裡對2.5萬人傳道。古代歷史中也曾記載著將軍們向全軍作全軍動員的演說,過去我也將信將疑,這時我終於相信了。
50因為我經常聽他講道,所以我能很好地分清哪些是他剛寫好的說教,哪些是他在旅行中已經講過多次的稿子。因為講過很多次,所以他用後一類稿子傳教的話,講演的效果就會很好。每個詞的重音和每一句的重音把握的十分恰當,聲調抑揚頓挫,十分優美,即使一個人對他演講的內容不感興趣,也會對他那種語調感到賞心悅目,這種賞心悅目恰如優美的音樂帶給我們的感覺一樣。這是雲遊牧師比住家牧師有利的地方,因為後者不能反覆使用同樣的一篇稿子來說教,藉此來改進他演講時的聲調和姿態。
51他偶爾發表的一些文章卻大大地助長了他對手的氣焰。假如在演講時不小心說錯了或者甚至提出了錯誤的觀點,以後還可以解釋,或是因上下文的關係而對它的意義加以限制,或者直接加以否認,但是文字的證據是很難磨滅的。他的對手就猛烈地攻擊他的文章,他們的批評似乎也很有道理,這樣他的信徒就減少了,他們的人數也不再增長了。因此我認為假如他不曾發表什麼文章,他的信徒一定會多得多,他建立的教派一定會更重要,同時他的聲譽即使在他死後也許還會不斷增長,因為沒有文章就沒有什麼證據,也無從加以譴責和譭謗,他的信徒們就可以任意想像他具有一連串的優秀品質,因為他們熱烈地崇拜他,當然希望他具有這些高貴品質了。
Part5
1ThepreceptofOrderrequiringthateverypartofmybusinessshouldhaveitsallottedtime,onepageinmylittlebookcontain'dthefollowingschemeofemploymentforthetwenty-fourhoursofanaturalday:
★★★★
★★★★
★★★★
★★★★
★★★★
2Ienter'dupontheexecutionofthisplanforself-examination,andcontinu'ditwithoccasionalintermissionsforsometime.Iwassurpris'dtofindmyselfsomuchfulleroffaultsthanIhadimagined;butIhadthesatisfactionofseeingthemdiminish.Toavoidthetroubleofrenewingnowandthenmylittlebook,which,byscrapingoutthemarksonthepaperofoldfaultstomakeroomfornewonesinanewcourse,becamefullofholes,Itransferr'dmytablesandpreceptstotheivoryleavesofamemorandumbook,onwhichthelinesweredrawnwithredink,thatmadeadurablestain,andonthoselinesImark'dmyfaultswithablack-leadpencil,whichmarksIcouldeasilywipeoutwithawetsponge.AfterawhileIwentthro'onecourseonlyinayear,andafterwardonlyoneinseveralyears,tillatlengthIomittedthementirely,beingemploy'dinvoyagesandbusinessabroad,withamultiplicityofaffairsthatinterfered;butIalwayscarriedmylittlebookwithme.
3MyschemeofOrdergavemethemosttrouble;andIfoundthat,tho'itmightbepracticablewhereaman'sbusinesswassuchastoleavehimthedispositionofhistime,thatofajourneymanprinter,forinstance,itwasnotpossibletobeexactlyobservedbyamaster,whomustmixwiththeworld,andoftenreceivepeopleofbusinessattheirownhours.Order,too,withregardtoplacesforthings,papers,etc.,Ifoundextreamlydifficulttoacquire.Ihadnotbeenearlyaccustomedtoit,and,havinganexceedinggoodmemory,Iwasnotsosensibleoftheinconvenienceattendingwantofmethod.Thisarticle,therefore,costmesomuchpainfulattention,andmyfaultsinitvexedmesomuch,andImadesolittleprogressinamendment,andhadsuchfrequentrelapses,thatIwasalmostreadytogiveuptheattempt,andcontentmyselfwithafaultycharacterinthatrespect,likethemanwho,inbuyinganaxofasmith,myneighbour,desiredtohavethewholeofitssurfaceasbrightastheedge.Thesmithconsentedtogrinditbrightforhimifhewouldturnthewheel;heturn'd,whilethesmithpress'dthebroadfaceoftheaxhardandheavilyonthestone,whichmadetheturningofitveryfatiguing.Themancameeverynowandthenfromthewheeltoseehowtheworkwenton,andatlengthwouldtakehisaxasitwas,withoutfarthergrinding."No,"saidthesmith,"turnon,turnon;weshallhaveitbrightby-and-by;asyet,itisonlyspeckled.""Yes,"saidtheman,"butIthinkIlikeaspeckledaxbest."AndIbelievethismayhavebeenthecasewithmany,who,having,forwantofsomesuchmeansasIemploy'd,foundthedifficultyofobtaininggoodandbreakingbadhabitsinotherpointsofviceandvirtue,havegivenupthestruggle,andconcludedthat"aspeckledaxwasbest";forsomething,thatpretendedtobereason,waseverynowandthensuggestingtomethatsuchextreamnicetyasIexactedofmyselfmightbeakindoffopperyinmorals,which,ifitwereknown,wouldmakemeridiculous;thataperfectcharactermightbeattendedwiththeinconvenienceofbeingenviedandhated;andthatabenevolentmanshouldallowafewfaultsinhimself,tokeephisfriendsincountenance.
4Intruth,IfoundmyselfincorrigiblewithrespecttoOrder;andnowIamgrownold,andmymemorybad,Ifeelverysensiblythewantofit.But,onthewhole,tho'IneverarrivedattheperfectionIhadbeensoambitiousofobtaining,butfellfarshortofit,yetIwas,bytheendeavour,abetterandahappiermanthanIotherwiseshouldhavebeenifIhadnotattemptedit;asthosewhoaimatperfectwritingbyimitatingtheengravedcopies,tho'theyneverreachthewish'd-forexcellenceofthosecopies,theirhandismendedbytheendeavor,andistolerablewhileitcontinuesfairandlegible.
5Itmaybewellmyposterityshouldbeinformedthattothislittleartifice,withtheblessingofGod,theirancestorow'dtheconstantfelicityofhislife,downtohis79thyear,inwhichthisiswritten.WhatreversesmayattendtheremainderisinthehandofProvidence;but,iftheyarrive,thereflectiononpasthappinessenjoy'doughttohelphisbearingthemwithmoreresignation.
6ToTemperanceheascribeshislong-continuedhealth,andwhatisstilllefttohimofagoodconstitution;toIndustryandFrugality,theearlyeasinessofhiscircumstancesandacquisitionofhisfortune,withallthatknowledgethatenabledhimtobeausefulcitizen,andobtainedforhimsomedegreeofreputationamongthelearned;toSincerityandJustice,theconfidenceofhiscountry,andthehonorableemploysitconferreduponhim;andtothejointinfluenceofthewholemassofthevirtues,evenintheimperfectstatehewasabletoacquirethem,allthatevennessoftemper,andthatcheerfulnessinconversation,whichmakeshiscompanystillsoughtfor,andagreeableeventohisyoungeracquaintance.Ihope,therefore,thatsomeofmydescendantsmayfollowtheexampleandreapthebenefit.
7Itwillberemark'dthat,tho'myschemewasnotwhollywithoutreligion,therewasinitnomarkofanyofthedistingishingtenetsofanyparticularsect.Ihadpurposelyavoidedthem;for,beingfullypersuadedoftheutilityandexcellencyofmymethod,andthatitmightbeserviceabletopeopleinallreligions,andintendingsometimeorothertopublishit,Iwouldnothaveanythinginitthatshouldprejudiceanyone,ofanysect,againstit.Ipurposedwritingalittlecommentoneachvirtue,inwhichIwouldhaveshowntheadvantagesofpossessingit,andthemischiefsattendingitsoppositevice;andIshouldhavecalledmybookTheArtofVirtue,becauseitwouldhaveshownthemeansandmannerofobtainingvirtue,whichwouldhavedistinguisheditfromthemereexhortationtobegood,thatdoesnotinstructandindicatethemeans,butisliketheapostle'smanofverbalcharity,whoonlywithoutshowingtothenakedandhungryhoworwheretheymightgetclothesorvictuals,exhortedthemtobefedandclothed.—JamesII:15,16.
8Butitsohappenedthatmyintentionofwritingandpublishingthiscommentwasneverfulfilled.Idid,indeed,fromtimetotime,putdownshorthintsofthesentiments,reasonings,etc.,tobemadeuseofinit,someofwhichIhavestillbyme;butthenecessarycloseattentiontoprivatebusinessintheearlierpartofthylife,andpublicbusinesssince,haveoccasionedmypostponingit;for,itbeingconnectedinmymindwithagreatandextensiveproject,thatrequiredthewholemantoexecute,andwhichanunforeseensuccessionofemployspreventedmyattendingto,ithashithertoremain'dunfinish'd.
9Inthispieceitwasmydesigntoexplainandenforcethisdoctrine,thatviciousactionsarenothurtfulbecausetheyareforbidden,butforbiddenbecausetheyarehurtful,thenatureofmanaloneconsidered;thatitwas,therefore,everyone'sinteresttobevirtuouswhowish'dtobehappyeveninthisworld;andIshould,fromthiscircumstance(therebeingalwaysintheworldanumberofrichmerchants,nobility,states,andprinces,whohaveneedofhonestinstrumentsforthemanagementoftheiraffairs,andsuchbeingsorare),haveendeavoredtoconvinceyoungpersonsthatnoqualitiesweresolikelytomakeapoorman'sfortuneasthoseofprobityandintegrity.
Mylistofvirtuescontain'datfirstbuttwelve;butaQuakerfriendhavingkindlyinformedmethatIwasgenerallythoughtproud;thatmyprideshow'ditselffrequentlyinconversation;thatIwasnotcontentwithbeingintherightwhendiscussinganypoint,butwasoverbearing,andratherinsolent,ofwhichheconvinc'dmebymentioningseveralinstances;Ideterminedendeavouringtocuremyself,ifIcould,ofthisviceorfollyamongtherest,andIaddedHumilitytomylistgivinganextensivemeaningtotheword.
10Icannotboastofmuchsuccessinacquiringtherealityofthisvirtue,butIhadagooddealwithregardtotheappearanceofit.Imadeitaruletoforbearalldirectcontradictiontothesentimentsofothers,andallpositiveassertionofmyown.Ievenforbidmyself,agreeablytotheoldlawsofourJunto,theuseofeverywordorexpressioninthelanguagethatimportedafix'dopinion,suchascertainly,undoubtedly,etc.,andIadopted,insteadofthem,Iconceive,Iapprehend,orIimagineathingtobesoorso;oritsoappearstomeatpresent.WhenanotherassertedsomethingthatIthoughtanerror,Ideny'dmyselfthepleasureofcontradictinghimabruptly,andofshowingimmediatelysomeabsurdityinhisproposition;andinansweringIbeganbyobservingthatincertaincasesorcircumstanceshisopinionwouldberight,butinthepresentcasethereappear'dorseem'dtomesomedifference,etc.Isoonfoundtheadvantageofthischangeinmymanner;theconversationsIengag'dinwentonmorepleasantly.ThemodestwayinwhichIpropos'dmyopinionsprocur'dthemareadierreceptionandlesscontradiction;IhadlessmortificationwhenIwasfoundtobeinthewrong,andImoreeasilyprevail'dwithotherstogiveuptheirmistakesandjoinwithmewhenIhappenedtobeintheright.
11Andthismode,whichIatfirstputonwithsomeviolencetonaturalinclination,becameatlengthsoeasy,andsohabitualtome,thatperhapsforthesefiftyyearspastnoonehaseverheardadogmaticalexpressionescapeme.Andtothishabit(aftermycharacterofintegrity)IthinkitprincipallyowingthatIhadearlysomuchweightwithmyfellow-citizenswhenIproposednewinstitutions,oralterationsintheold,andsomuchinfluenceinpubliccouncilswhenIbecameamember;forIwasbutabadspeaker,nevereloquent,subjecttomuchhesitationinmychoiceofwords,hardlycorrectinlanguage,andyetIgenerallycarriedmypoints.
12Inreality,thereis,perhaps,nooneofournaturalpassionssohardtosubdueaspride.Disguiseit,strugglewithit,beatitdown,stifleit,mortifyitasmuchasonepleases,itisstillalive,andwilleverynowandthenpeepoutandshowitself;youwillseeit,perhaps,ofteninthishistory;for,evenifIcouldconceivethatIhadcompleatlyovercomeit,Ishouldprobablybeproudofmyhumility.
(ThusfarwrittenatPassy,1741.)
13Iamnowabouttowriteathome,August,1788,butcannothavethehelpexpectedfrommypapers,manyofthembeinglostinthewar.Ihave,however,foundthefollowing.
HavingmentionedagreatandextensiveprojectwhichIhadconceiv'd,itseemsproperthatsomeaccountshouldbeheregivenofthatprojectanditsobject.Itsfirstriseinmymindappearsinthefollowinglittlepaper,accidentallypreserv'd,viz.:
Observationsonmyreadinghistory,inLibrary,May19th,1731.
14Thatthegreataffairsoftheworld,thewars,revolutions,etc.,arecarriedonandaffectedbyparties.
Thattheviewofthesepartiesistheirpresentgeneralinterest,orwhattheytaketobesuch.
Thatthedifferentviewsofthesedifferentpartiesoccasionallconfusion.
15Thatwhileapartyiscarryingonageneraldesign,eachmanhashisparticularprivateinterestinview.
Thatassoonasapartyhasgain'ditsgeneralpoint,eachmemberbecomesintentuponhisparticularinterest;which,thwartingothers,breaksthatpartyintodivisions,andoccasionsmoreconfusion.
Thatfewinpublicaffairsactfromameerviewofthegoodoftheircountry,whatevertheymaypretend;and,tho'theiractingsbringrealgoodtotheircountry,yetmenprimarilyconsideredthattheirownandtheircountry'sinterestwasunited,anddidnotactfromaprincipleofbenevolence.
16Thatfewerstill,inpublicaffairs,actwithaviewtothegoodofmankind.
ThereseemstomeatpresenttobegreatoccasionforraisingaUnitedPartyforVirtue,byformingthevirtuousandgoodmenofallnationsintoaregularbody,tobegovern'dbysuitablegoodandwiserules,whichgoodandwisemenmayprobablybemoreunanimousintheirobedienceto,thancommonpeoplearetocommonlaws.
Iatpresentthinkthatwhoeverattemptsthisaright,andiswellqualified,cannotfailofpleasingGod,andofmeetingwithsuccess.
B.F.
17Revolvingthisprojectinmymind,astobeundertakenhereafter,whenmycircumstancesshouldaffordmethenecessaryleisure,Iputdownfromtimetotime,onpiecesofpaper,suchthoughtsasoccurr'dtomerespectingit.Mostofthesearelost;butIfindonepurportingtobethesubstanceofanintendedcreed)containing,asIthought,theessentialsofeveryknownreligion,andbeingfreeofeverythingthatmightshocktheprofessorsofanyreligion.Itisexpress'dinthesewords,viz.:
ThatthereisoneGod,whomadeallthings.
Thathegovernstheworldbyhisprovidence.
Thatheoughttobeworshipedbyadoration,prayer,andthanksgiving.
ButthatthemostacceptableserviceofGodisdoinggoodtoman.
Thatthesoulisimmortal.
AndthatGodwillcertainlyrewardvirtueandpunishviceeitherhereorhereafter.
18Myideasatthattimewere,thatthesectshouldbebegunandspreadatfirstamongyoungandsinglemenonly;thateachpersontobeinitiatedshouldnotonlydeclarehisassenttosuchcreed,butshouldhaveexercisedhimselfwiththethirteenweeks'examinationandpracticeofthevirtues)asinthebefore-mention'dmodel;thattheexistenceofsuchasocietyshouldhekeptasecret,tillitwasbecomeconsiderable,topreventsolicitationsfortheadmissionofimproperpersons,butthatthemembersshouldeachofthemsearchamonghisacquaintanceforingenuous,well-disposedyouths,towhom,withprudentcaution,theschemeshouldbegraduallycommunicated;thatthemembersshouldengagetoaffordtheiradvice,assistance,andsupporttoeachotherinpromotingoneanother'sinterests,business,andadvancementinlife;that,fordistinction,weshouldbecall'dTheSocietyoftheFreeandEasy:free,asbeing,bythegeneralpracticeandhabitofthevirtues,freefromthedominionofvice;andparticularlybythepracticeofindustryandfrugality,freefromdebt,whichexposesamantoconfinement,andaspeciesofslaverytohiscreditors.
19ThisisasmuchasIcannowrecollectoftheproject,exceptthatIcommunicateditinparttotwoyoungmen,whoadopteditwithsomeenthusiasm;butmythennarrowcircumstances,andthenecessityIwasunderofstickingclosetomybusiness,occasion'dmypostponingthefurtherprosecutionofitatthattime;andmymultifariousoccupations,publicandprivate,induc'dmetocontinuepostponing,sothatithasbeenomittedtillIhavenolongerstrengthoractivityleftsufficientforsuchanenterprise;tho'Iamstillofopinionthatitwasapracticablescheme,andmighthavebeenveryuseful,byformingagreatnumberofgoodcitizens;andIwasnotdiscourag'dbytheseemingmagnitudeoftheundertaking,asIhavealwaysthoughtthatonemanoftolerableabilitiesmayworkgreatchanges,andaccomplishgreataffairsamongmankind,ifhefirstformsagoodplan,and,cuttingoffallamusementsorotheremploymentsthatwoulddiverthisattention,makestheexecutionofthatsameplanhissolestudyandbusiness.
20In1732Ifirstpublish'dmyAlmanac,underthenameofRichardSaunders;itwascontinu'dbymeabouttwenty-fiveyears,commonlycall'dPoorRichard'sAlmanac.Iendeavor'dtomakeitbothentertaininganduseful,anditaccordinglycametobeinsuchdemand,thatIreap'dconsiderableprofitfromit,vendingannuallyneartenthousand.Andobservingthatitwasgenerallyread,scarceanyneighborhoodintheprovincebeingwithoutit,Iconsider'ditasapropervehicleforconveyinginstructionamongthecommonpeople,whoboughtscarcelyanyotherbooks;Ithereforefilledallthelittlespacesthatoccurr'dbetweentheremarkabledaysinthecalendarwithproverbialsentences,chieflysuchasinculcatedindustryandfrugality,asthemeansofprocuringwealth,andtherebysecuringvirtue;itbeingmoredifficultforamaninwant,toactalwayshonestly,as,tousehereoneofthoseproverbs,itishardforanemptysacktostandup-right.
21Theseproverbs,whichcontainedthewisdomofmanyagesandnations,Iassembledandform'dintoaconnecteddiscourseprefix'dtotheAlmanacof1757,astheharangueofawiseoldmantothepeopleattendinganauction.Thebringingallthesescatter'dcounselsthusintoafocusenabledthemtomakegreaterimpression.Thepiece,beinguniversallyapproved,wascopiedinallthenewspapersoftheContinent;reprintedinBritainonabroadside,tobestuckupinhouses;twotranslationsweremadeofitinFrench,andgreatnumbersboughtbytheclergyandgentry,todistributegratisamongtheirpoorparishionersandtenants.InPennsylvania,asitdiscourageduselessexpenseinforeignsuperfluities,somethoughtithaditsshareofinfluenceinproducingthatgrowingplentyofmoneywhichwasobservableforseveralyearsafteritspublication.
22Iconsideredmynewspaper,also,asanothermeansofcommunicatinginstruction,andinthatviewfrequentlyreprintedinitextractsfromtheSpectator,andothermoralwriters;andsometimespublish'dlittlepiecesofmyown,whichhadbeenfirstcompos'dforreadinginourJunto.OftheseareaSocraticdialogue,tendingtoprovethat,whatevermightbehispartsandabilities,aviciousmancouldnotproperlybecalledamanofsense;andadiscourseonself-denial,showingthatvirtuewasnotsecuretillitspracticebecameahabitude,andwasfreefromtheoppositionofcontraryinclinations.Thesemaybefoundinthepapersaboutthebeginningof1735.
23Intheconductofmynewspaper,Icarefullyexcludedalllibellingandpersonalabuse,whichisoflateyearsbecomesodisgracefultoourcountry.WheneverIwassolicitedtoinsertanythingofthatkind,andthewriterspleaded,astheygenerallydid,thelibertyofthepress,andthatanewspaperwaslikeastagecoach,inwhichanyonewhowouldpayhadarighttoaplace,myanswerwas,thatIwouldprintthepieceseparatelyifdesired,andtheauthormighthaveasmanycopiesashepleasedtodistributehimself,butthatIwouldnottakeuponmetospreadhisdetraction;andthat,havingcontractedwithmysubscriberstofurnishthemwithwhatmightbeeitherusefulorentertaining,Icouldnotfilltheirpaperswithprivatealtercation,inwhichtheyhadnoconcern,withoutdoingthemmanifestinjustice.Now,manyofourprintersmakenoscrupleofgratifyingthemaliceofindividualsbyfalseaccusationsofthefairestcharactersamongourselves,augmentinganimosityeventotheproducingofduels;andare,moreover,soindiscreetastoprintscurrilousreflectionsonthegovernmentofneighboringstates,andevenontheconductofourbestnationalallies,whichmaybeattendedwiththemostperniciousconsequences.ThesethingsImentionasacautiontoyoungprinters,andthattheymaybeencouragednottopollutetheirpressesanddisgracetheirprofessionbysuchinfamouspractices,butrefusesteadily,astheymayseebymyexamplethatsuchacourseofconductwillnot,onthewhole,beinjurioustotheirinterests.
24In1733IsentoneofmyjourneymentoCharleston,SouthCarolina,whereaprinterwaswanting.Ifurnish'dhimwithapressandletters,onanagreementofpartnership,bywhichIwastoreceiveone-thirdoftheprofitsofthebusiness,payingone-thirdoftheexpense.Hewasamanoflearning,andhonestbutignorantinmattersofaccount;and,tho'hesometimesmademeremittances,Icouldgetnoaccountfromhim,noranysatisfactorystateofourpartnershipwhilehelived.Onhisdecease,thebusinesswascontinuedbyhiswidow,who,beingbornandbredinHolland,where,asIhavebeeninform'd,theknowledgeofaccountsmakesapartoffemaleeducation,shenotonlysentmeasclearastateasshecouldfindofthetransactionspast,butcontinuedtoaccountwiththegreatestregularityandexactnesseveryquarterafterwards,andmanagedthebusinesswithsuchsuccess,thatshenotonlybroughtupreputablyafamilyofchildren,but,attheexpirationoftheterm,wasabletopurchaseofmetheprinting-house,andestablishhersoninit.
25Imentionthisaffairchieflyforthesakeofrecommendingthatbranchofeducationforouryoungfemales,aslikelytobeofmoreusetothemandtheirchildren,incaseofwidowhood,thaneithermusicordancing,bypreservingthemfromlossesbyimpositionofcraftymen,andenablingthemtocontinue,perhaps,aprofitablemercantilehouse,withestablish'dcorrespondence,tillasonisgrownupfittoundertakeandgoonwithit,tothelastingadvantageandenrichingofthefamily.
26Abouttheyear1734therearrivedamongusfromIrelandayoungPresbyterianpreacher,namedHemphill,whodeliveredwithagoodvoice,andapparentlyextempore,mostexcellentdiscourses,whichdrewtogetherconsiderablenumbersofdifferentpersuasion,whojoin'dinadmiringthem.Amongtherest,Ibecameoneofhisconstanthearers,hissermonspleasingme,astheyhadlittleofthedogmaticalkind,butinculcatedstronglythepracticeofvirtue,orwhatinthereligiousstilearecalledgoodworks.Those,however,ofourcongregation,whoconsideredthemselvesasorthodoxPresbyterians,disapprov'dhisdoctrine,andwerejoin'dbymostoftheoldclergy,whoarraign'dhimofheterodoxybeforethesynod,inordertohavehimsilenc'd.Ibecamehiszealouspartisan,andcontributedallIcouldtoraiseapartyinhisfavour,andwecombatedforhimawhilewithsomehopesofsuccess.Therewasmuchscribblingproandconupontheoccasion;andfindingthat,tho'anelegantpreacher,hewasbutapoorwriter,Ilenthimmypenandwroteforhimtwoorthreepamphlets,andonepieceintheGazetteofApril,1735.Thosepamphlets,asisgenerallythecasewithcontroversialwritings,tho'eagerlyreadatthetime,weresoonoutofvogue,andIquestionwhetherasinglecopyofthemnowexists.
27Duringthecontestanunluckyoccurrencehurthiscauseexceedingly.Oneofouradversarieshavingheardhimpreachasermonthatwasmuchadmired,thoughthehadsomewherereadthesermonbefore,oratleastapartofit.Onsearchhefoundthatpartquotedatlength,inoneoftheBritishReviews,fromadiscourseofDr.Foster's.Thisdetectiongavemanyofourpartydisgust,whoaccordinglyabandonedhiscause,andoccasion'dourmorespeedydiscomfitureinthesynod.Istuckbyhim,however,asIratherapprov'dhisgivingusgoodsermonscompos'dbyothers,thanbadonesofhisownmanufacture,tho'thelatterwasthepracticeofourcommonteachers.Heafterwardacknowledg'dtomethatnoneofthosehepreach'dwerehisown;adding,thathismemorywassuchasenabledhimtoretainandrepeatanysermonafteronereadingonly.Onourdefeat,heleftusinsearchelsewhereofbetterfortune,andIquittedthecongregation,neverjoiningitafter,tho'Icontinu'dmanyyearsmysubscriptionforthesupportofitsministers.
28Ihadbegunin1733tostudylanguages;IsoonmademyselfsomuchamasteroftheFrenchastobeabletoreadthebookswithease.IthenundertooktheItalian.Anacquaintance,whowasalsolearningit,us'doftentotemptmetoplaychesswithhim.FindingthistookuptoomuchofthetimeIhadtospareforstudy,Iatlengthrefus'dtoplayanymore,unlessonthiscondition,thatthevictorineverygameshouldhavearighttoimposeatask,eitherinpartsofthegrammartobegotbyheart,orintranslations,etc.,whichtasksthevanquish'dwastoperformuponhonour,beforeournextmeeting.Asweplay'dprettyequally,wethusbeatoneanotherintothatlanguage.Iafterwardswithalittlepainstaking,acquir'dasmuchoftheSpanishastoreadtheirbooksalso.
29Ihavealreadymention'dthatIhadonlyoneyear'sinstructioninaLatinschool,andthatwhenveryyoung,afterwhichIneglectedthatlanguageentirely.But,whenIhadattainedanacquaintancewiththeFrench,Italian,andSpanish,Iwassurpriz'dtofind,onlookingoveraLatinTestament,thatIunderstoodsomuchmoreofthatlanguagethanIhadimagined,whichencouragedmetoapplymyselfagaintothestudyofit,andImetwithmoresuccess,asthoseprecedinglanguageshadgreatlysmooth'dmyway.
30Fromthesecircumstances,Ihavethoughtthatthereissomeinconsistencyinourcommonmodeofteachinglanguages.WearetoldthatitispropertobeginfirstwiththeLatin,and,havingacquir'dthat,itwillbemoreeasytoattainthosemodernlanguageswhicharederiv'dfromit;andyetwedonotbeginwiththeGreek,inordermoreeasilytoacquiretheLatin.Itistruethat,ifyoucanclamberandgettothetopofastaircasewithoutusingthesteps,youwillmoreeasilygainthemindescending;butcertainly,ifyoubeginwiththelowestyouwillwithmoreeaseascendtothetop;andIwouldthereforeofferittotheconsiderationofthosewhosuperintendtheeducationofouryouth,whether,sincemanyofthosewhobeginwiththeLatinquitthesameafterspendingsomeyearswithouthavingmadeanygreatproficiency,andwhattheyhavelearntbecomesalmostuseless,sothattheirtimehasbeenlost,itwouldnothavebeenbettertohavebegunwiththeFrench,proceedingtotheItalian,etc.;for,tho',afterspendingthesametime,theyshouldquitthestudyoflanguagesandneverarriveattheLatin,theywould,however,haveacquiredanothertongueortwo,that,beinginmodernuse,mightbeserviceabletothemincommonlife.
31Aftertenyears'absencefromBoston,andhavingbecomeeasyinmycircumstances,Imadeajourneythithertovisitmyrelations,whichIcouldnotsoonerwellafford.Inreturning,Icall'datNewporttoseemybrother,thensettledtherewithhisprinting-house.Ourformerdifferenceswereforgotten,andourmeetingwasverycordialandaffectionate.Hewasfastdeclininginhishealth,andrequestedofmethat,incaseofhisdeath,whichheapprehendednotfardistant,Iwouldtakehomehisson,thenbuttenyearsofage,andbringhimuptotheprintingbusiness.ThisIaccordinglyperform'd,sendinghimafewyearstoschoolbeforeItookhimintotheoffice.Hismothercarriedonthebusinesstillhewasgrownup,whenIassistedhimwithanassortmentofnewtypes,thoseofhisfatherbeinginamannerwornout.ThusitwasthatImademybrotherampleamendsfortheserviceIhaddepriv'dhimofbyleavinghimsoearly.
32In1736Ilostoneofmysons,afineboyoffouryearsold,bythesmall-pox,takeninthecommonway.Ilongregrettedbitterly,andstillregretthatIhadnotgivenittohimbyinoculation.ThisImentionforthesakeofparentswhoomitthatoperation,onthesuppositionthattheyshouldneverforgivethemselvesifachilddiedunderit;myexampleshowingthattheregretmaybethesameeitherway,andthat,therefore,thesafershouldbechosen.
33Ourclub,theJunto,wasfoundsouseful,andaffordedsuchsatisfactiontothemembers,thatseveralweredesirousofintroducingtheirfriends,whichcouldnotwellbedonewithoutexceedingwhatwehadsettledasaconvenientnumber,viz.,twelve.Wehadfromthebeginningmadeitaruletokeepourinstitutionasecret,whichwasprettywellobserv'd;theintentionwastoavoidapplicationsofimproperpersonsforadmittance,someofwhom,perhaps,wemightfinditdifficulttorefuse.Iwasoneofthosewhowereagainstanyadditiontoournumber,but,insteadofit,madeinwritingaproposal,thateverymemberseparatelyshouldendeavortoformasubordinateclub,withthesamerulesrespectingqueries,etc.,andwithoutinformingthemoftheconnectionwiththeJunto.Theadvantagesproposedwere,theimprovementofsomanymoreyoungcitizensbytheuseofourinstitutions;ourbetteracquaintancewiththegeneralsentimentsoftheinhabitantsonanyoccasion,astheJuntomembermightproposewhatqueriesweshoulddesire,andwastoreporttotheJuntowhatpass'dinhisseparateclub;thepromotionofourparticularinterestsinbusinessbymoreextensiverecommendation,andtheincreaseofourinfluenceinpublicaffairs,andourpowerofdoinggoodbyspreadingthro'theseveralclubsthesentimentsoftheJunto.
34Theprojectwasapprov'd,andeverymemberundertooktoformhisclub,buttheydidnotallsucceed.Fiveorsixonlywerecompleated,whichwerecalledbydifferentnames,astheVine,theUnion,theBand,etc.Theywereusefultothemselves,andaffordedusagooddealofamusement,information,andinstruction,besidesanswering,insomeconsiderabledegree,ourviewsofinfluencingthepublicopiniononparticularoccasions,ofwhichIshallgivesomeinstancesincourseoftimeastheyhappened.
35Myfirstpromotionwasmybeingchosen,in1736,clerkoftheGeneralAssembly.Thechoicewasmadethatyearwithoutopposition;buttheyearfollowing,whenIwasagainpropos'd(thechoice,likethatofthemembers,beingannual),anewmembermadealongspeechagainstme,inordertofavoursomeothercandidate.Iwas,however,chosen,whichwasthemoreagreeabletome,as,besidesthepayfortheimmediateserviceasclerk,theplacegavemeabetteropportunityofkeepingupaninterestamongthemembers,whichsecur'dtomethebusinessofprintingthevotes,laws,papermoney,andotheroccasionaljobbsforthepublic,that,onthewhole,wereveryprofitable.
36Ithereforedidnotliketheoppositionofthisnewmember,whowasagentlemanoffortuneandeducation,withtalentsthatwerelikelytogivehim,intime,greatinfluenceintheHouse,which,indeed,afterwardshappened.Ididnot,however,aimatgaininghisfavourbypayinganyservilerespecttohim,but,aftersometime,tookthisothermethod.Havingheardthathehadinhislibraryacertainveryscarceandcuriousbook,Iwroteanotetohim,expressingmydesireofperusingthatbook,andrequestinghewoulddomethefavouroflendingittomeforafewdays.Hesentitimmediately,andIreturn'ditinaboutaweekwithanothernote,expressingstronglymysenseofthefavour.WhenwenextmetintheHouse,hespoketome(whichhehadneverdonebefore),andwithgreatcivility;andheeveraftermanifestedareadinesstoservemeonalloccasions,sothatwebecamegreatfriends,andourfriendshipcontinuedtohisdeath.ThisisanotherinstanceofthetruthofanoldmaximIhadlearned,whichsays,"Hethathasoncedoneyouakindnesswillbemorereadytodoyouanother,thanhewhomyouyourselfhaveobliged."Anditshowshowmuchmoreprofitableitisprudentlytoremove,thantoresent,return,andcontinueinimicalproceedings.
37In1737,ColonelSpotswood,lategovernorofVirginia,andthenpostmaster-general,beingdissatisfiedwiththeconductofhisdeputyatPhiladelphia,respectingsomenegligenceinrendering,andinexactitudeofhisaccounts,tookfromhimthecommissionandofferedittome.Iaccepteditreadily,andfounditofgreatadvantage;for,tho'thesalarywassmall,itfacilitatedthecorrespondencethatimprov'dmynewspaper,increas'dthenumberdemanded,aswellastheadvertisementstobeinserted,sothatitcametoaffordmeaconsiderableincome.Myoldcompetitor'snewspaperdeclin'dproportionably,andIwassatisfy'dwithoutretaliatinghisrefusal,whilepostmaster,topermitmypapersbeingcarriedbytheriders.Thushesuffer'dgreatlyfromhisneglectindueaccounting;andImentionitasalessontothoseyoungmenwhomaybeemploy'dinmanagingaffairsforothers,thattheyshouldalwaysrenderaccounts,andmakeremittances,withgreatclearnessandpunctuality.Thecharacterofobservingsuchaconductisthemostpowerfulofallrecommendationstonewemploymentsandincreaseofbusiness.
38Ibegannowtoturnmythoughtsalittletopublicaffairs,beginning,however,withsmallmatters.ThecitywatchwasoneofthefirstthingsthatIconceiv'dtowantregulation.Itwasmanagedbytheconstablesoftherespectivewardsinturn;theconstablewarnedanumberofhousekeeperstoattendhimforthenight.Thosewhochosenevertoattendpaidhimsixshillingsayeartobeexcus'd,whichwassuppos'dtobeforhiringsubstitutes,butwas,inreality,muchmorethanwasnecessaryforthatpurpose,andmadetheconstableshipaplaceofprofit;andtheconstable,foralittledrink,oftengotsuchragamuffinsabouthimasawatch,thatrespectablehousekeepersdidnotchoosetomixwith.Walkingtherounds,too,wasoftenneglected,andmostofthenightsspentintippling.Ithereuponwroteapaper,tobereadinJunto,representingtheseirregularities,butinsistingmoreparticularlyontheinequalityofthissix-shillingtaxoftheconstables,respectingthecircumstancesofthosewhopaidit,sinceapoorwidowhousekeeper,allwhosepropertytobeguardedbythewatchdidnotperhapsexceedthevalueoffiftypounds,paidasmuchasthewealthiestmerchant,whohadthousandsofpoundsworthofgoodsinhisstores.
39Onthewhole,Iproposedasamoreeffectualwatch,thehiringofpropermentoserveconstantlyinthatbusiness;andasamoreequitablewayofsupportingthechargethelevyingataxthatshouldbeproportion'dtotheproperty.Thisidea,beingapprov'dbytheJunto,wascommunicatedtotheotherclubs,butasarisingineachofthem;andthoughtheplanwasnotimmediatelycarriedintoexecution,yet,bypreparingthemindsofpeopleforthechange,itpavedthewayforthelawobtainedafewyearsafter,whenthemembersofourclubsweregrownintomoreinfluence.
40AboutthistimeIwroteapaper(firsttobereadinJunto,butitwasafterwardpublish'd)onthedifferentaccidentsandcarelessnessesbywhichhousesweresetonfire,withcautionsagainstthem,andmeansproposedofavoidingthem.Thiswasmuchspokenofasausefulpiece,andgaverisetoaproject,whichsoonfollowedit,offormingacompanyforthemorereadyextinguishingoffires,andmutualassistanceinremovingandsecuringthegoodswhenindanger.Associatesinthisschemewerepresentlyfound,amountingtothirty.Ourarticlesofagreementoblig'deverymembertokeepalwaysingoodorder,andfitforuse,acertainnumberofleatherbuckets,withstrongbagsandbaskets(forpackingandtransportingofgoods),whichweretobebroughttoeveryfire;andweagreedtomeetonceamonthandspendasocialeveningtogether,indiscoursingandcommunicatingsuchideasasoccurredtousuponthesubjectoffires,asmightbeusefulinourconductonsuchoccasions.
41Theutilityofthisinstitutionsoonappeared,andmanymoredesiringtobeadmittedthanwethoughtconvenientforonecompany,theywereadvisedtoformanother,whichwasaccordinglydone;andthiswenton,onenewcompanybeingformedafteranother,tilltheybecamesonumerousastoincludemostoftheinhabitantswhoweremenofproperty;andnow,atthetimeofmywritingthis,tho'upwardoffiftyyearssinceitsestablishment,thatwhichIfirstformed,calledtheUnionFireCompany,stillsubsistsandflourishes,tho'thefirstmembersarealldeceas'dbutmyselfandone,whoisolderbyayearthanIam.Thesmallfinesthathavebeenpaidbymembersforabsenceatthemonthlymeetingshavebeenapply'dtothepurchaseoffire-engines,ladders,fire-hooks,andotherusefulimplementsforeachcompany,sothatIquestionwhetherthereisacityintheworldbetterprovidedwiththemeansofputtingastoptobeginningconflagrations;and,infact,sincetheseinstitutions,thecityhasneverlostbyfiremorethanoneortwohousesatatime,andtheflameshaveoftenbeenextinguishedbeforethehouseinwhichtheybeganhasbeenhalfconsumed.
42In1739arrivedamongusfromIrelandtheReverendMr.Whitefield,whohadmadehimselfremarkablethereasanitinerantpreacher.Hewasatfirstpermittedtopreachinsomeofourchurches;buttheclergy,takingadisliketohim,soonrefus'dhimtheirpulpits,andhewasoblig'dtopreachinthefields.Themultitudesofallsectsanddenominationsthatattendedhissermonswereenormous,anditwasmatterofspeculationtome,whowasoneofthenumber,toobservetheextraordinaryinfluenceofhisoratoryonhishearers,andhowmuchtheyadmir'dandrespectedhim,notwithstandinghiscommonabuseofthem,byassuringthemthattheywerenaturallyhalfbeastsandhalfdevils.Itwaswonderfultoseethechangesoonmadeinthemannersofourinhabitants.Frombeingthoughtlessorindifferentaboutreligion,itseem'dasifalltheworldweregrowingreligious,sothatonecouldnotwalkthro'thetowninaneveningwithouthearingpsalmssungindifferentfamiliesofeverystreet.
43Anditbeingfoundinconvenienttoassembleintheopenair,subjecttoitsinclemencies,thebuildingofahousetomeetinwasnosoonerpropos'd,andpersonsappointedtoreceivecontributions,butsufficientsumsweresoonreceiv'dtoprocurethegroundanderectthebuilding,whichwasonehundredfeetlongandseventybroad,aboutthesizeofWestminsterHall;andtheworkwascarriedonwithsuchspiritastobefinishedinamuchshortertimethancouldhavebeenexpected.Bothhouseandgroundwerevestedintrustees,expresslyfortheuseofanypreacherofanyreligiouspersuasionwhomightdesiretosaysomethingtothepeopleatPhiladelphia;thedesigninbuildingnotbeingtoaccommodateanyparticularsect,buttheinhabitantsingeneral;sothateveniftheMuftiofConstantinopleweretosendamissionarytopreachMohammedanismtous,hewouldfindapulpitathisservice.
44Mr.Whitefield,inleavingus,wentpreachingallthewaythro'thecoloniestoGeorgia.Thesettlementofthatprovincehadlatelybeenbegun,but,insteadofbeingmadewithhardy,industrioushusbandmen,accustomedtolabor,theonlypeoplefitforsuchanenterprise,itwaswithfamiliesofbrokenshop-keepersandotherinsolventdebtors,manyofindolentandidlehabits,takenoutofthejails,who,beingsetdowninthewoods,unqualifiedforclearingland,andunabletoendurethehardshipsofanewsettlement,perishedinnumbers,leavingmanyhelplesschildrenunprovidedfor.Thesightoftheirmiserablesituationinspir'dthebenevolentheartofMr.WhitefieldwiththeideaofbuildinganOrphanHousethere,inwhichtheymightbesupportedandeducated.Returningnorthward,hepreach'dupthischarity,andmadelargecollections,forhiseloquencehadawonderfulpowerovertheheartsandpursesofhishearers,ofwhichImyselfwasaninstance.
45Ididnotdisapproveofthedesign,but,asGeorgiawasthendestituteofmaterialsandworkmen,anditwasproposedtosendthemfromPhiladelphiaatagreatexpense,Ithoughtitwouldhavebeenbettertohavebuiltthehousehere,andbroughtthechildrentoit.ThisIadvis'd;buthewasresoluteinhisfirstproject,rejectedmycounsel,andIthereforerefus'dtocontribute.Ihappenedsoonaftertoattendoneofhissermons,inthecourseofwhichIperceivedheintendedtofinishwithacollection,andIsilentlyresolvedheshouldgetnothingfromme,Ihadinmypocketahandfulofcoppermoney,threeorfoursilverdollars,andfivepistolesingold.AsheproceededIbegantosoften,andconcludedtogivethecoppers.Anotherstrokeofhisoratorymademeasham'dofthat,anddetermin'dmetogivethesilver;andhefinish'dsoadmirably,thatIempty'dmypocketwhollyintothecollector'sdish,goldandall.Atthissermontherewasalsooneofourclub,who,beingofmysentimentsrespectingthebuildinginGeorgia,andsuspectingacollectionmightbeintended,had,byprecaution,emptiedhispocketsbeforehecamefromhome.Towardstheconclusionofthediscourse,however,hefeltastrongdesiretogive,andapply'dtoaneighbour,whostoodnearhim,toborrowsomemoneyforthepurpose.Theapplicationwasunfortunately(made)toperhapstheonlymaninthecompanywhohadthefirmnessnottobeaffectedbythepreacher.Hisanswerwas,"Atanyothertime,FriendHopkinson,Iwouldlendtotheefreely;butnotnow,fortheeseemstobeoutofthyrightsenses."
46SomeofMr.Whitefield'senemiesaffectedtosupposethathewouldapplythesecollectionstohisownprivateemolument;butIwhowasintimatelyacquaintedwithhim(beingemployedinprintinghisSermonsandJournals,etc.),neverhadtheleastsuspicionofhisintegrity,butamtothisdaydecidedlyofopinionthathewasinallhisconductaperfectlyhonestman,andmethinksmytestimonyinhisfavouroughttohavethemoreweight,aswehadnoreligiousconnection.Heus'd,indeed,sometimestoprayformyconversion,butneverhadthesatisfactionofbelievingthathisprayerswereheard.Ourswasamerecivilfriendship,sincereonbothsides,andlastedtohisdeath.
47Thefollowinginstancewillshowsomethingofthetermsonwhichwestood.UpononeofhisarrivalsfromEnglandatBoston,hewrotetomethatheshouldcomesoontoPhiladelphia,butknewnotwherehecouldlodgewhenthere,asheunderstoodhisoldfriendandhost,Mr.Benezet,wasremovedtoGermantown.Myanswerwas,"Youknowmyhouse;ifyoucanmakeshiftwithitsscantyaccommodations,youwillbemostheartilywelcome."Hereply'd,thatifImadethatkindofferforChrist'ssake,Ishouldnotmissofareward.AndIreturned,"Don'tletmebemistaken;itwasnotforChrist'ssake,butforyoursake."Oneofourcommonacquaintancejocoselyremark'd,that,knowingittobethecustomofthesaints,whentheyreceivedanyfavour,toshifttheburdenoftheobligationfromofftheirownshoulders,andplaceitinheaven,Ihadcontriv'dtofixitonearth.
48ThelasttimeIsawMr.WhitefieldwasinLondon,whenheconsultedmeabouthisOrphanHouseconcern,andhispurposeofappropriatingittotheestablishmentofacollege.
49Hehadaloudandclearvoice,andarticulatedhiswordsandsentencessoperfectly,thathemightbeheardandunderstoodatagreatdistance,especiallyashisauditories,howevernumerous,observ'dthemostexactsilence.Hepreach'doneeveningfromthetopoftheCourt-housesteps,whichareinthemiddleofMarket-street,andonthewestsideofSecond-street,whichcrossesitatrightangles.Bothstreetswerefill'dwithhishearerstoaconsiderabledistance.BeingamongthehindmostinMarket-street,Ihadthecuriositytolearnhowfarhecouldbeheard,byretiringbackwardsdownthestreettowardstheriver;andIfoundhisvoicedistincttillIcamenearFront-street,whensomenoiseinthatstreetobscur'dit.Imaginingthenasemi-circle,ofwhichmydistanceshouldbetheradius,andthatitwerefill'dwithauditors,toeachofwhomIallow'dtwosquarefeet,Icomputedthathemightwellbeheardbymorethanthirtythousand.Thisreconcil'dmetothenewspaperaccountsofhishavingpreach'dtotwenty-fivethousandpeopleinthefields,andtotheantienthistoriesofgeneralsharanguingwholearmies,ofwhichIhadsometimesdoubted.
50Byhearinghimoften,Icametodistinguisheasilybetweensermonsnewlycompos'd,andthosewhichhehadoftenpreach'dinthecourseofhistravels.Hisdeliveryofthelatterwassoimprov'dbyfrequentrepetitionsthateveryaccent,everyemphasis,everymodulationofvoice,wassoperfectlywellturn'dandwellplac'd,that,withoutbeinginterestedinthesubject,onecouldnothelpbeingpleas'dwiththediscourse;apleasureofmuchthesamekindwiththatreceiv'dfromanexcellentpieceofmusick.Thisisanadvantageitinerantpreachershaveoverthosewhoarestationary,asthelattercannotwellimprovetheirdeliveryofasermonbysomanyrehearsals.
51Hiswritingandprintingfromtimetotimegavegreatadvantagetohisenemies;unguardedexpressions,andevenerroneousopinions,deliveredinpreaching,mighthavebeenafterwardsexplain'dorqualifi'dbysupposingothersthatmighthaveaccompani'dthem,ortheymighthavebeendeny'd;butliterascriptamonet.Criticsattack'dhiswritingsviolently,andwithsomuchappearanceofreasonastodiminishthenumberofhisvotariesandpreventtheirencrease;sothatIamofopinionifhehadneverwrittenanything,hewouldhaveleftbehindhimamuchmorenumerousandimportantsect,andhisreputationmightinthatcasehavebeenstillgrowing,evenafterhisdeath,astherebeingnothingofhiswritingonwhichtofoundacensureandgivehimalowercharacter,hisproselyteswouldbeleftatlibertytofeignforhimasgreatavarietyofexcellenceastheirenthusiasticadmirationmightwishhimtohavepossessed.