第三章
1由於我住的地方離小不列顛離印刷所太遠了,所以我就在公爵街另外找了個住的地方,就在天主教堂的對面。他位於一棟意大利兩層樓貨棧的後面。那個貨棧由一個寡婦打理,她有一個女兒,一個女傭,還有一個看守貨棧的工人。不過,那個寡婦卻住在外面。她到我最後住的那個地方打聽我的人品以後就同意我租住在那裡,租金是每星期3先令6便士。就像她所說的那樣,有個男人住在這裡她可以獲得某種程度上的保護,所以她要的租金很便宜。她是一個老寡婦,是牧師的女兒,曾經是個新教徒,但後來隨她的丈夫改信天主教了。她提起她丈夫的時候是滿懷尊敬的。她在上層社會中生活了好一段時間,因此知道許多有關他們的奇聞逸事,甚至是查理二世那個時期的事情。她因為膝蓋害痛風病,走起路來,一瘸一拐的,因此,她很少走出自己的房間,所以她有的時候想有個伴。和她在一起是很開心的,所以不管什麼時候,只要她願意,我就會去陪她。我們的晚餐是每人半條風尾魚,一小塊麵包和黃油,以及半品脫的淡啤酒,樂趣就在和她的談話中。我的作息時間很好,基本上不會打擾她們,這就讓她不願意我離開。當我對她談起我聽說離我工作不遠的地方有個住處(我是想省點錢,所以才向她提的),每週只要2個先令的租金的時候,她就叫我不要考慮那個地方,她會在以後的租金裡給我減掉2個先令。這樣在我在倫敦的時候我就一直呆在那裡,每週的租金是1先令6便士。
2在她屋子的頂樓,幽居著一位70歲的老處女,她過著離群索居的生活。房東告訴了我有關她的事情。她是個羅馬天主教徒,當她年輕的時候被送到國外,住在一個修道院裡成為了一名修女。但那個國家不歡迎她,所以她就回英國來了,可是英國又沒有修道院,她就發誓要在這樣一種環境裡過一種修女的生活。因此,她把她所有的財產捐出來做慈善,只留下每年12鎊的生活費,這其中的大部分她還拿出來做善事,自己只喝稀飯度日,火只在煮粥的時候才用。她在那個閣樓住了好多年了,房東也信天主教,她認為讓她住那裡是她的福氣。一個神父每天都來聽她的懺悔。房東說:「我問過她,她做的那樣好,為什麼還有這麼多的事情要向神父懺悔?」她說:「是這樣的,人不可能沒有壞的思想。」我得到允許去拜訪她,她很高興我的到來,很禮貌地對待我,愉快地同我交談。房間很乾淨,但除了一墊子、一張放著十字架和書的桌子、一張她讓我坐的凳子就沒有什麼東西了。還有一張畫,在壁爐上面。畫裡聖維朗尼正在展示她的手巾。畫裡的基督臉上流著血。她很嚴肅地向我解釋那幅畫,她看起來臉色很蒼白,但卻從來沒有病過。我把這當做另外一個例子來證明無論收入多麼少都可以過一種健康的生活。
3在瓦茨印刷所裡,我認識了一個聰明的年輕人,他就是威蓋特。他有很富有的親戚,比印刷所裡的其他人受過更好的教育。他會說法語,拉丁文也還過的去,並且酷愛讀書。我教過他和他的一個朋友學游泳,學了兩次,他們就游得很好了。他們兩個人就把我介紹給鄉下來的一些鄉紳們,他是坐船去夏爾西參觀大學和丹·沙特羅的珍品收藏的。在我們回來的路上,威蓋特講的有關我游泳技術的事情激起了大家的好奇,在大家的要求下,我脫掉衣服跳進河中,從夏爾西附近一直游到布來剋夫裡亞,一路上玩著水上水下的各種花樣,他們從來沒有見過這樣的新奇花式,所以感到很驚訝也很開心。
4我還是在孩子的時候就很喜歡這樣的運動,並且曾經研究和實踐過色文若提到過的各種動作和姿勢,還加入些自己創造的動作。這樣對游泳很實用並且游得很優美。所有這些東西我都趁這個機會顯示給我的夥伴們看,他們的讚賞使我很開心。威蓋特很想在這方面成為一個能手,加之我們所學的東西很相近,我們就走得越來越近。最後,他向我建議一起遊遍歐洲,所到之處,靠我們的手藝賺錢維持生活。我一直就有這樣的想法,但當我向我的好朋友德納姆說起這件事情的時候(我經常有空就去他那裡呆上個1個鐘頭),他告訴我不要這樣,建議我只想著回賓西法尼亞的事情。他正要回賓西法尼亞。
5我得講講德納姆這個好人性格中的一個顯著特點。他以前在布里斯托爾做生意,但是生意失敗欠了許多人的債,他只還了一部分就去美洲了。在美洲,他專心做生意,幾年之內就賺了一大筆錢。他和我同船回到英國以後,就把他原來的債主都請來,大加款待,感謝他們昔日對他寬大處理的恩惠。他們原來以為不過是款待他們一頓而已,但當他們移動自己盤碟的時候,發現每個碟子下面都有一張支票,除了還清他們的欠款外,還有利息。
6他告訴我他打算回到費城去,並且要帶很多貨物過去,在那邊開個商店。他建議我去給他做店員,管帳(他會指導我),抄寫信函以及照看商店。他還說,當我熟悉這些生意以後,他會升我的職,讓我運一船麵粉和麵包等貨物去西印度群島,讓我從其它方面獲得佣金,那是筆很可觀的數目。如果我做的好,這將會奠定我自己事業的基礎。這讓我很高興,因為我已經開始厭倦了倫敦,不由得想起來在賓西法尼亞的快樂生活。我希望馬上重溫它。因此,我立即同意了每年50鎊賓西法尼亞幣薪金的協議,它確實比我當排字工人的工資少了些,不過前景更好。
7我現在離開印刷業了,我當時還以為是永遠離開了。我每天忙著我的工作,每天和德納姆出去,在各種各樣的商人間周旋,購買各種各樣的商品,查看貨物的包裝,出差,叫工人發運貨物等等。當所有這些貨物都被運上商船以後,我有幾天的休假。在這些天裡,有一個我只聞其大名的人——威廉·溫德姆,他派人邀請我去他那裡。我很驚訝,於是去拜訪他。原來是因為他不知道怎麼聽說我能從夏爾西遊到布來剋夫裡亞,並且在幾小時內教會了威蓋特和另一個年輕人游泳。他有兩個兒子,打算不久要去旅行。他希望在他們旅行之前讓他們學會游泳。如果我能教他們的話,他會重謝我的。他們現在還沒有來倫敦,並且我也不能確定自己在倫敦還能呆多久,所以我就應允這件事。但是,從這件事情我想到,如果我留在倫敦的話,我倒可以辦個游泳學校,應該可以賺到不少錢。這種想法使我很動心,如果這個建議早點提出來,可能我就不會這麼早返回北美去了。許多年以後,我和威廉·溫德姆爵士兩個兒子中的一個聯繫過比游泳更重要的事情,那個時候,威廉·溫德姆爵士已經是挨格蒙的伯爵了,這件事情,我會在以後再談。
8就這樣,我在倫敦呆了18個月,大部分時間我都在努力工作,小部分時間花在看戲和讀書上。我的朋友拉爾夫讓我很窮,他欠了我大概27英鎊,現在我不可能收回這筆錢了,在我微薄的收入中這是一筆很大的數目。儘管這樣,我仍然喜歡他,因為他有許多好的品質。雖然我沒有在這裡賺下大錢,但是我結識了一些聰慧的朋友,和他們的談話使我受益頗多,並且在這裡我還讀了不少書。
91726年7月23日,我們從格拉爾夫森德開始出發。關於我旅程中的事情,我會在我的日記中提到,我在日記中詳細地記載了那些事情。也許日記中最重要的部分就是我對我未來生活的規劃,那都是我在海上期間規劃的。我做出那個規劃的時候還很年輕,但是我一直到年老的時候都忠實地執行那個規劃,所以值得你特別注意。
10我們是10月11日抵達費城的。我發現費城已經發生了不少變化。基思已經不再是州長了,他已經被戈登少校取代了。我見他像一個普通公民那樣在大街上走路。當他見到我的時候,似乎有些慚愧,但什麼也沒有說,逕自走過去了。我見到裡德小姐的時候也應該是一樣的慚愧。在接到我的信後,裡德小姐的朋友們覺得我沒有理由可能回來,所以她們就勸她嫁給了另外一個人——一個叫做羅傑斯的陶瓷工。但是,和他在一起,裡德小姐從來沒有開心過。不久,裡德小姐就和他分開了,拒絕和他住在一塊,拒絕使用他的姓。現在外面都傳他已經有了另外一個老婆。他是一個卑劣的人,但手藝不錯,這就是讓裡德小姐的朋友們痛心之處。羅傑斯陷入債務危機,他在1727或者1728年的時候逃去西印度群島了,後來死在那裡。凱默的鋪子擴大了規模,又開了家商品豐富的文具店,購進了許多新的字盤和技術在行的新夥計,生意好像很不錯。
11德納姆把他的店開在水街,貨物也陳列在店裡。我勤懇地工作,學習會計。在不長的時間內,我就很擅長於銷售了。我們在一起吃住,他向父親一樣教導我,對我很真誠。我也很尊敬愛戴他。我們本來可以愉快地合作下去,但是,1726或者1727年的2月,當我剛過完我21歲的生日的時候,我們兩個都病倒了。我得了肋膜炎,差點沒有命了。我痛苦至極,心裡已經放棄了生存的希望。所以,當我病好的時候,我都有些失望,在某種程度上有點後悔,我知道,總有一天,我還要遭受死亡的痛苦。我忘了德納姆先生得的是什麼病,他病了很長時間,最後病死了。他在他的口頭遺囑裡給我留下了一筆小遺產,算是他對我的友誼的表示,然後他就走了,我再一次要獨自面對這個廣闊的世界。他的店由他的遺囑繼承人接管,我在他那裡的工作結束了。
12我的姐夫霍姆斯那個時候正在費城,他建議我重做我的老本行,凱默也以可觀的年薪來誘惑我為他管理印刷廠,這樣他就可以更好地把精力投入到文具店了。我在倫敦的時候,從他夫人和他朋友那裡知道他的品德不好,我不喜歡再給他做事。我想再找個店員的工作,但是,卻不是那麼容易找到,我只好再次走近凱默。他的印刷所裡有這些人,他們是:休·梅雷迪斯,賓西法尼亞的威爾士人,30歲,從小做農活,誠實,聰明,有敏銳的觀察力,喜歡讀書,但是酗酒;斯蒂芬·波茨,一位年輕的鄉下小伙子,也是從小開始幹農活,天生聰明,富有智慧和幽默感,但是就是有點懶。凱默和他們約定一個非常低的周薪工資,但是每隔三個月加1個先令的工資,這就由他們的技術進步所決定。他用這種逐漸漲工資的辦法來吸引他們。休·梅雷迪斯負責印刷,斯蒂芬·波茨負責訂書。根據凱默和他們的協議,凱默要教他們,儘管凱默對這兩者都是一竅不通。約翰,一個野蠻的愛爾蘭人,他什麼事情都不會做,他是凱默從一位船長那裡買來的,他要為凱默做四年的事,他也要做印刷工。喬治·韋布,他是牛津大學的學生,凱默也買了他四年的服務,凱默打算讓他排字,我以後還要講到他。戴維·哈里,也是一個農村來的孩子,凱默收他當學徒。
13不久我就發現凱默出比以前高的工資給我的目的。他就是要我來訓練這些廉價的勞動力。當他們掌握了這些技術以後,他就可以不要我了。因為這些人和他都是師徒關係,是有合同的。然而,我還是開心地做事,把印刷所搞得井井有條,原來這裡可是一團糟。我讓工人專心工作,他們的技術也不斷得到了提高。
14一個牛津大學的學生賣身為奴,這是非常奇怪的事情。他還不到18歲,他告訴了我他的身世。他出生於格洛斯特,在那裡的文法學校學習。當他們演出戲劇的時候,由於他非常突出的演藝才能,他在同學中聲名遠播。他是那個地方「幽默社」的成員,他寫過不少詩,並印在格洛斯特報上,然後他就因此被送到牛津大學學習。他在牛津大學呆了一年,但是沒有什麼滿意的,他只想去倫敦和做演員。後來,他獲得了15幾尼的季度獎學金,他沒有用這個獎學金來還債而是離開了學校。他把自己的校服藏在荊豆叢裡面,然後徒步到了倫敦。在倫敦,他沒有朋友指點,又結識了壞人,不久就花光了他15幾尼的季度獎學金,又沒有找到進入戲劇界的路子,他成了個窮鬼,就把衣服當了,麵包也沒的吃了。當他空著肚子在街上不知道怎麼辦才好時,一張兵販子的傳單塞到了他手上,傳單上說凡是願意去美洲服務的人立刻就可以得到食物和獎勵。
15他馬上去簽了合同,於是上了船。他從來沒有寫信告訴他的朋友們有關他的事情。他聰明、活潑,品性良好,是個令人愉快的夥伴。但是他也有某種程度上的懶惰、輕率和不審慎。
16約翰,那個愛爾蘭人,不久就逃跑了。我和其他人都相處愉快,當他們發現凱默不能教導他們,而從我這裡他們每天都能學到東西以後,他們就更加尊敬我了。由於凱默要做禮拜,所以我們星期六不用上班,因此,我每星期有兩天讀書的時間。我認識的聰明的城裡人越來越多。凱默他自己對我很有禮貌,帶著顯而易見的尊敬。我現在沒有任何憂心的事情,除了我欠弗農的那筆錢。由於我不善於理財,我現在還沒有能力還。不過,弗農倒是還沒有向我要過。
17我們印刷所裡的鉛字經常不夠,並且那個時候在北美還沒有澆鑄鉛字的人。我在路倫敦詹姆斯的住所看過人們澆鑄鉛字,但我那個時候並沒有太注意。不過,我現在做了一個鑄模,用字母做打印器,打在鑄模的鉛上。通過這種方式就很大程度上填補了所有的空缺鉛字。我也偶爾刻幾塊銅板,製造油墨,我還是倉庫的管理員等等,總而言之,我就是一個打雜的。
18但是,不管我怎麼任勞任怨,我發現當其他人的技術不斷進步的時候,我的地位也就越來越不重要了。當凱默付給我第二季度工資的時候,他就讓我知道他的負擔很重,應該減少點工資。他變得對我沒有原來那樣客氣了,老擺他的老闆架子,經常挑我的錯,吹毛求疵,我們之間的戰爭似乎一觸即發。儘管這樣,我想他這樣部分可能是因為他經營困難,因此我不斷忍耐,繼續我的工作。但是,我們之間的戰爭最終還是因為一件小事爆發了。那天,法院旁邊突然傳來吵吵嚷嚷的聲音,我就把頭伸出窗外看到底發生了什麼。凱默那個時候正在大街上,他看到了我,大聲地對我嚷嚷,叫我好好做自己的事情,並說了些責怪的話。他在大家的面前這樣對我,我很生氣,這時候,所有往外面看熱鬧的鄰居都看到了他是怎麼對待我的。他立即跑到印刷所,繼續和我爭吵。我們兩個人都高聲爭吵。他按照我們簽定的合同給我一個月的解雇預先通知,並且說他很後悔給我這麼長的預先通知時間。我告訴他,他的擔憂是沒有必要的,我馬上就會走。然後,我戴上帽子,就走出門了,在樓下,我碰到了梅魯迪斯,我希望他收拾下我的東西,並且把它們送到我的住處來。
19梅魯迪斯晚上就到我這裡來了,我們談論下我以後的去路。他對我很尊敬,他不想我離開印刷所而他還留下來。當我想要回老家去的時候,他勸我不要去。他提醒我,凱默已經資不抵債了,他的債權人已經不安起來。他的文具店也經營的很差,為了錢,文具店的東西經常沒有利潤就賣了,他經常賒賣東西卻不記帳,因此他必然要破產,那樣我就可以乘虛而入了。我說,但是我缺少資金。他就說,他父親對我評價很高,很看好我,他從他和他父親的談話中可以看出,如果我願意和他一起合夥的話,他父親就會出錢幫助我們開業。梅魯迪斯還說:「到明年春天我和凱默的合同就到期了。到那個時候,我們就可以從倫敦訂購印刷機和鉛字。我很清楚我自己不懂技術,如果,你願意的話,你出技術,我出資金,我們平均分配賺到的利潤。」
20他的提議很好,於是我答應了。他的父親就在城裡,也同意了這個事情。特別是他看到我對他兒子的影響很大,成功地說服他戒酒了。他希望我們的親密相處會幫助他兒子改掉所有的不良習慣。我交給他父親一張清單,他父親又將之交給了一個採購商。東西就由那個採購商代買。在東西運來之前,一切要處於保密狀態。同時,有可能的話,我還要去另一家印刷所找事做。但是,我沒有找到有地方要人,因此就閒了好幾天。凱默那個時候——有可能獲得為新澤西州印鈔票的時候,需要雕版和各種各樣的鉛字,而這只有我才會。凱默怕我被佈雷福德請去而搶了他的生意,就給我寫了一封措辭謙恭的信。他在信中說,朋友不應該吵了幾句嘴就成了陌路人。他希望我回到他的印刷所去。梅魯迪斯也勸我過去,這樣他就能在我的知識下獲得更多的進步。所以,我又回到了印刷所,情況比原來好多了。新澤西州印的那個生意接到了,我為之設計了一部銅版印刷機(這在那裡還是第一次),還為鈔票設計了一些花紋和字碼。我們一起來到伯林頓,在那裡,我圓滿地完成了任務,各方都滿意,凱默因此得到了一大筆錢,使他很長一段時間免於破產。
21在伯林頓,我認識了這個州的許多重要人物。他們中的一些人是議會任命來監督印刷工作的,鈔票的印刷數量不得超過法律規定的。因此,這些人經常輪流和我們在一起,一般總是帶一兩個朋友來做伴。由於書讀的多,我的見識因而比凱默廣,我想,正是因為這個原因,他們更喜歡和我談話。他們把我帶到他們的屋子,把我介紹給他們的朋友。對我很客氣。然而,我的老闆凱默卻有點被忽視了。事實上,凱默是個怪人,他不懂得社交,喜歡粗暴地反對大家都接受的觀點,衣冠不整,邋遢到了極點,是某些宗教觀點的狂熱信徒,並且有點流氓習氣。
22我們在那裡呆了將近三個月,在那段時間裡,認識了一些可以稱得上朋友的人。他們是法官艾倫;州秘書塞繆爾·巴斯蒂爾;艾薩克·皮爾遜;約瑟夫·庫伯;還有幾個史密斯家的人。他們都是州議會議員。還有測量局的局長薩克·德科。他是一個精明睿智的老人,他告訴我他很年輕的時候就獨立生活了——給燒磚工運土。當他長大以後他就開始寫作。他為測量員拿測量鏈,測量員就教他如何測量。由於他的勤奮工作,他現在已經擁有了不菲財富。他還說:「我可以預計,你用不了多久就可以將這個人擠出這一行,並在這一行在費城獲得一筆財富」。他說這些話的時候根本不知道我已經打算在這裡或者別的地方開業。這些朋友日後對我幫助很大,我也不時幫助他們。他們終其一生都敬重我。
23在我講述我正式開業前,我最好讓你知道我那時候對倫理道德的看法,你也可以看得出,那些在很大程度上影響了我的未來生活。我的父母很早就讓我對宗教產生了深刻印象,使我整個童年都虔誠地反對英國國教。但我那個時候只有15歲,當我發現在我讀的不同的書裡有不同觀點以後,我就開始懷疑聖經本身了。一些反自然神論的書籍被我碰到了,據說博依爾布道的要旨都在裡面。它們對我的影響恰恰和它的原意相反,為了反對自然神論它們引用了自然神論的觀點,但那些在我看來,卻比駁斥人的理由更有道理。總之,我不久就成了一個完全的自然神論者。我的觀點把一些人,尤其是柯林斯和拉爾夫引入歧途,但是這兩個人毫無良心地使我大吃苦頭。再想起基思對我的行為(他也是自由思想者),還有我對弗農和裡德小姐的行為,那些都不時引起我的愧疚。我開始懷疑自然神論的教義。自然神論的教義可能是真理,但卻是沒有什麼用途的。我在倫敦寫的小冊子中,引用了德萊頓下面的詩句作為格言。
存在的就是合理的
儘管半盲的人
只看見鏈條的一部分,最近的那部分
他的眼睛卻看不見
那在一切之上的公平那桿秤
24這本小冊子還從上帝的品性,他的無邊智慧,他的仁慈與力量得出結論,在這個世界上根本沒有可能有錯誤的東西,善和惡的區分是沒有意義的,根本不存在這樣的東西。現在看來,這篇文章並不像我曾經認為的那樣是明智之極的。我開始懷疑,有些錯誤可能不知不覺地加入了我的觀點,以至影響了隨之而來的結論,這種情況在推理過程中是經常發生的。
25我漸漸地相信,在人與人相處的過程中,對於人的幸福最重要的是真誠與正直。我於是寫下了決心書,決心書還留在我的日記裡。我決心終生侍奉它們。聖經本身對我沒有什麼重要性,但是我有個想法,深以為然,我們不能認為某件事情因為被禁止去做就認為那是不對的,不能因為某事要求人們去做就認為它是對的。然而,把所有的情況都考慮進來的話,某些事情之所以被禁止是因為它們對我們是有害處的,某些事情之所以要求人們去做,是因為那是對人們是有益處的。這種信念,靠著上帝的賜福或者守護天使的保護,或者偶然的有利情形或者環境,或者三者的合力,保護我度過青年時代的危機;在父親不在身邊,得不到父親的勸告的時候和陌生人生活在一起的時候產生的危機。沒有因為任性而產生嚴重的缺德和不義行為,而這些,本來因我缺少宗教信仰而產生。我說「任性」這個詞,是指在前面我所提到的那些事例中,我由於年輕,沒有什麼經驗,包括別人的無賴行為,都包含了必然性在其中。在我進入社會的時候,我的品德還是可以的。我很珍視它們,並且決心保持它們。
26我們回到費城不久,新的印刷機就運到倫敦了。我們在凱默知道之前和他算清了帳,得到他的同意離開了他。我們在市場附近找到了一間出租房,把它租了下來。那個時候房租每年只要24鎊,後來聽說每年要70鎊,為了減少房租,我們就讓安裝玻璃的工人托馬斯·戈弗雷一家和我們一起住,他要負擔相當一部分的房租,我們還把伙食包給他們。我們還沒有來得及放還印刷機、拆開鉛字盒,我們的一個朋友喬治·毫斯就帶了一個鄉下人來,他在街上打聽印刷東西的地方。我們所有的現金都用於購置各種東西了,我們已經身無分文了,這個鄉下人的5先令是我們賺到的第一筆收入,它拿的正是時候,它比我以後賺的任何一個5先令都令我開心。由於對毫斯的感激,我更樂意幫助那些剛開業的人,要不是他,我可能不會怎麼熱心。
27在每個國家都有預言世界即將毀滅的人。那個時候,在費城就有這樣一個人,一個很有名的老頭,看上去很有智慧的樣子,講話的時候態度很嚴肅,他的名字是塞繆爾·米克爾。這個人,我並不認識他,有一天,他來到我的門前,問我是不是那個最近開了一家印刷所的年輕人。我回答說是的,他說他很難過聽到我這麼說,因為開印刷所要很多錢的,我所花費的這些錢都會沒有的。因為費城即將完蛋,人們都處於半破產狀態。所以和它相反的現象,像新建築物地不斷建成,房租不斷上漲,這些他認為都是假象。所以這些東西,實際上都屬於要毀掉我們的東西。他非常詳細地向我講述了現存的或者即將出現的一些不幸之事,他說的這些讓我十分憂鬱。如果我在創業之前碰到他的話,我可能永遠不會做生意的。這個人繼續住在這個不斷走向毀滅的地方,重複同樣的論調。但是,後來,他買了他第一次悲觀預言地方的一所房子,價格是他預言時候的五倍,這讓我很高興。
28我本應該早就提到一件事情,在上一年的秋天,我把我所認識的大部分聰明的人集合在一起,開了一個俱樂部,它的名字叫「講讀俱樂部」,俱樂部的宗旨在於相互提高。我們每個星期五的晚上聚在一起。我制定了俱樂部的規則,要求每一個人應該輪流提出一個或者數個有關道德、政治、自然哲學的問題,大家一起討論,每三個月提交一篇自己寫的文章,可以是他喜歡的任一問題。我們的討論在社長的指導下進行,本著探求真理的真誠精神,不應該有愛爭辯或者求勝的心態。為了防止激動,一切過於自信的肯定表述和針鋒相對的爭辯都是被禁止的,如果違反規定就要處於小額罰金。
29「講讀俱樂部」的第一個成員是約瑟夫·布賴特納爾,他是公證事物所的契約抄寫員,脾氣很好,對人友善,已經人到中年,特別喜歡詩歌,凡是他能碰到的書他都要拿來看,寫了些還行的作品,善於做些小東西,通情達理。
30托馬斯·戈福雷,一位自學成才的數學家,他對數學方面很有研究,後來他成為「哈德裡像限儀」的發明者。但是除了數學,他對別的基本不知道。他不是一個另人愉快的夥伴,就像我碰到的大多數偉大的數學家一樣,他要求對談到的每一件事情都要求精確到底,無休止地區別和否定那些瑣碎的事情,這樣就妨礙了大家談話的進行。不久,他就退出了俱樂部。
31尼古拉斯·斯卡爾,一個測量員,後來成為了測量局長,他喜歡讀書,有的時候也寫點詩。
32威廉·伯森斯,一個做鞋的,喜歡讀書,數學知識挺豐富。他開始學數學是為了學習星象學,但最後他卻嘲笑星象學。他也成為了測量局長。
33威廉·麥格裡奇,一個工匠,一個技藝非常精巧的工匠,老實聰明。
34林·梅雷迪斯,斯蒂芬·波茨,喬治·韋布,這些人我前面都談過。
35羅伯特·格雷斯,一個家境富裕的年輕紳士,慷慨大方,活潑聰明,愛講雙關語,愛朋友。
36還有個叫威廉·科爾曼的,他是一個商店的店員,大概和我年齡差不多,他是我所見過的人裡面頭腦最冷靜,心腸最好,品行最端莊的人。他後來成為了一個著名的商人,也是我們州的一個法官。我們的友誼一直持續到他去世,前後有40年的時間,「講讀俱樂部」也延續了那樣長的時間,它是我們州最好的一個研究哲學、道德和政治的學術團體。我們討論前的一星期提出問題,圍繞提出的幾個問題去閱讀,這樣在討論中就可以針對問題發言。我們也在討論中養成了良好的習慣。所有的事情都控制在規則之內,這就防止了相互之間的衝突。正因為這樣,這個俱樂部才能長期存在,關於它,我以後還會不時提到。
37我在這裡講這個俱樂部的事情是為了讓你知道我當時的目的是什麼。俱樂部裡的每一個人都盡力為我招攬生意。布賴特納爾特別從教友會為我們拉到一筆印刷40印張教友會歷史的活,其餘的則由凱默印刷。這筆生意我做的非常辛苦,因為它的價格很低。要用12點活字印成《為祖國》式的對開本,還有很長的用小字號印刷的註釋。我每天排一張的版,梅魯迪斯就在印刷機上把它印出來,等我為第二天工作做好排版的時候,這樣常常工作到晚上11點,有的時候甚至更晚,因為我的朋友們不時給我們介紹的小生意耽誤了進度。
38但我決定每天完成一張。一天晚上,當我排好版的以後,我以為今天的工作總算結束了,可是一不小心弄亂了兩個字版中的一個,有兩頁的鉛字亂成了一堆,我馬上拆了版,重新再排,然後才上床睡覺。我的勤勞都看在鄰居們的眼裡,我的名聲和信譽也就隨之而增加。特別是當我聽說,商人的晚間俱樂部提到我們這家新開的印刷所的時候,大家普遍認為這家印刷所一定會倒閉,因為這個地方已經有兩家印刷所了,凱默印刷所和佈雷福德印刷所。但是,貝爾德博士(許多年以後,我們在他的家鄉聖安德魯斯見過他)持相反的意見,他說:「那個富蘭克林的勤奮是我從來沒有見過的。當我晚上從俱樂部回家的時候,我看到他還在工作。周圍鄰居還在床上睡覺的時候,他已經起來工作了。」他的話打動了大家,不久,一個文具商要供貨給我們代銷,但我們那個時候還沒有決定開文具店。
39我這樣詳細地強調勤勞,好像我在自己吹噓自己,我的目的是當我的後代讀到這本書的時候能夠瞭解勤勞給我帶來的好處的時候能夠明白這一美德的價值。
40喬治·韋布,她有個女朋友,她借給韋布一筆錢,這樣韋布就用這筆錢買回同凱默簽定合同時限定的時間。現在韋布來找我,希望來我這裡工作。我那個時候不能僱傭他,但我愚蠢地告訴了他我不久打算辦一張報紙的秘密,那個時候也許我可以用他。我告訴他,我有希望成功,因為佈雷福德印刷的城裡的惟一的那張報紙實在沒有什麼好說的,管理的很差,枯燥無味,但是卻有利潤。因此,我想到辦份好的報紙一定可以賺大錢。我叫韋布不要讓別人知道這件事情,但是他卻告訴了凱默。凱默就搶在我之前,登出了他要辦報紙的事情。韋布也因此被僱傭。我很生氣這件事情,但我那個時候還沒有力量辦報紙。為了對付他們,我寫了幾篇有趣的文章發表在佈雷福德印刷的那個報紙上,文章署名「愛管閒事的人」,後來佈雷福德把它延續了好幾個月。這樣,公眾的注意力都轉到這個報紙上,凱默的辦報計劃由於我們的冷嘲熱諷就沒有人注意了。然而,他還是開始辦他的報紙,九個月以後,他的訂戶最多也只有90戶。最後,他只好把這份報紙賤價賣給我,我早就準備好了要接管這個報紙,就馬上買過來了。在幾年之內,這份報紙就成了我十分賺錢的生意。
41儘管我和梅魯迪斯的合作還在進行,但我感到我說話的時候更傾向於只提我自己。原因在於,事實上,所有的經營和管理都是我在負責。梅魯迪斯不懂排版,印刷也不在行,頭腦也很少有清醒的時候。朋友們都很惋惜我和他合作,不過我還是盡量搞好我們的合作。
42我們出版的首張報紙和這裡以前出版的報紙有很大不同。字跡更清楚,印刷更精美。我針對伯內爾州長和馬塞諸塞州議會之間正在進行的爭論寫了一篇觀點偏激的文章,引起了一些重要人物的關注,使得這個報紙和他的主辦人成了人們經常議論的話題。幾個星期以後,他們就成了我們的訂戶。
43他們成為了其他人的榜樣,大家都來訂我們的報紙,我們的訂戶在不斷地增加。這是我學寫小文章以來,獲得的第一個小成果。另一成果是,一些重要人物看到報紙掌握在一個能動筆寫文章的人的手裡,應該給予資助和鼓勵。佈雷福德還在印刷選舉票、法律文本以及其它的公家生意。他印了一份給州長的呈文,印刷的很粗糙,有很多錯誤。我們精美而又正確地重印了它,然後發給每一個人。這樣差別就一目瞭然了,就增加了我在議會中的支持者說話的份量。所以,議會就通過了決議,把下一年的印刷業務給我們做。
44在這些議會的朋友們裡面,我絕對不會忘記的是我前面提到的漢密爾頓先生。他是州議會的議員,他那個時候回到了英國。他在這件事情上大大地幫了我一把,像他以後在其它事情上一樣,他一生都在幫助我。
45弗農先生這個時候提醒我欠他的那筆債,但並沒有催我還。我寫了一封坦率的信給他,希望他再寬限一點時間,等我有錢還的時候,我會連本帶利還給他,並不斷地表示感謝,他同意了。我的錯誤預算在某種程度上得到了糾正。
46但是現在我從來沒有想到過的麻煩來了。梅魯迪斯父親按照他對我們的承諾,他要為我們支付開辦印刷所的費用。他預付了100鎊,也只能付100鎊,我們還欠設備商人100鎊,商人變的沒有耐心,等不及了,就去法院告了我們。我們交納了保釋金,但是如果我們不能按時還錢的話,法院就要宣判強制執行,我們美好的願望也就要完蛋了,因為印刷機和鉛字都要賣了抵債,也許只能賣個半價。
47在這個生死繫於一線的時候,我兩個真正的朋友分別來找我。他們的情義我永遠不會忘記,只要我還能記起任何事情我就不會忘記。他們相互間並不認識,也沒有我的要求,他們志願為我墊付所有的款項,這樣我就可以單獨經營這個印刷所了,如果可以的話。他們不喜歡我繼續和梅魯迪斯合作。就像他們說的那樣,梅魯迪斯經常在大街上醉熏熏的,在啤酒店裡玩些低級遊戲,這對我們的名聲不好。這兩個朋友是威廉·科爾曼和羅伯特·格雷斯。如果梅魯迪斯他們能根據協議完成他們那一部分任務的話,我不能提出單獨干的建議。因為,我認為只要他們能履行合同的話,我就有義務遵守合同。如果他們不能履行合同的話,那麼我們的合作關係才可以解除,那我就可以自由地接受我朋友的幫助。
48事情就這樣,過了一段時間,我對我的合夥人梅魯迪斯說:「也許你父親並不想你參加我們的這個生意,他可能不願意為你和我墊錢,也可能他願意為你出錢,但不願意為我出。如果是這樣的情況的話,那麼告訴我,我會把整個生意給你,我去做我自己的生意」。梅魯迪斯說:「不,事情不是這樣的。我父親確實很失望,但他是真的沒有錢。我也不願意為難他老人家。我知道這個生意不適合我做。我從小就是幹農活的,我30歲的時候到城裡來當學徒,簡直就是對我的嘲弄。我們許多威爾士的人都去北卡羅萊那州定居了。那個地方地價便宜,我想和他們一起去那裡,干我的老本行。你可以找你的朋友幫你一把,如果你能負責印刷所的債務,還我父親原來墊付的100英鎊,還掉我的那點私人債務,給我30鎊和一副新的馬鞍,我就退出我們的合夥,整個印刷所就是你的了。」我同意了他開出的條件,我們就起草了一份協議,然後簽字。我把他所要求的東西都給了他。不久以後,他就去北卡羅萊那了。第二年,他寄了兩封長信給我,其中一封是有關那地方的最好敘述。信裡提到了當地的氣候、土壤、農業等,他對這些很熟悉。我把他的信在報紙上發表了,公眾對之很滿意。
49他一走,我就去找那兩位朋友。我不想顯出對誰有偏愛,所以從他們給的錢中各取了一半,還清了債務,公開對外宣佈結束合夥,開始由我獨立經營。我想這大概是1729年的事情。
50大概也就是這個時候,人們要求發行更多的紙幣,因為當時州里只有1.5萬鎊的紙幣,而且還在不斷減少。富人反對紙幣的任何增加,因為他們擔心那樣的話會像新英格蘭那樣,紙幣增加而導致紙幣的貶值。我們在我們的「講讀俱樂部」討論了這一觀點。我站在增加紙幣的那邊,因為1723年第一次發行了數額不大的紙幣以後,促進了商業的繁榮,增加了就業機會,州里的居民人數也增加了。我看到所有的老房子都住了人,許多新的房子也在建造之中,我很清楚地記得,當我第一次走在費城大街上的時候,我啃著我的松卷,看到胡桃街,第二大街,前大街的房子上都貼著招租的條子,我那個時候就想,這個城市的居民在不斷地逃離這個地方。
51我們之間的爭論使我全身心地投入到這個問題上去,我還寫了一篇匿名的小冊子,名字就叫《試論紙幣的性質和必要性》。它在普通老百姓那裡得到了很好的反響,但是富人們不喜歡它,因為它增強了增加紙幣的呼聲,他們之中恰好又沒有人寫文章來反駁它,所以反對增加紙幣的意見的聲音就小下去了。我的觀點得到了議會多數的贊同。我在議會中的朋友們覺得把印刷紙幣的業務交給我是我應得的獎賞,那是個非常有利潤的生意,對我幫助很大。這是我寫作帶來的又一個好處。
52增加紙幣的效用隨著時間的過去是如此的明顯,以後就再也沒有爭辯了。紙幣的數量很快增加到了5.5萬鎊,1739年則增加到了8萬鎊,在戰爭時期則達到了35萬鎊。商業、建築、居民人數都在增長。雖然我現在想,發行紙幣也有個限度,超過這個限度也可能是有害的。
53不久,我通過朋友漢密爾頓的幫助拿到了印刷紐卡斯爾紙幣的業務,在我看來,那又是一筆利潤豐厚的生意。對於做小本生意的人來說,一些小事情也顯得很重大。這些生意使我大受鼓舞,也確實利潤不少。他還幫我得到了印刷那個州的法律文件和選票的業務,這項業務一直持續到我從事印刷業的所有時間。
54我現在開了一家小小的文具店。店裡有各種各樣的發票,在當時,是式樣最齊全的。能夠做到這個樣子,多虧了朋友布賴恩特納爾的幫助。懷特馬施是我在倫敦的時候認識的排字工,一個非常優秀的工人,他這個時候來到了我這裡,和我一起工作,人很勤奮。我還收了一個學徒,就是阿奎那·羅斯的兒子。
55我現在開始逐步償還印刷所的債務。為了商人的信譽和品行,我小心謹慎,勤儉節約,避免一切與之相反的東西。我穿著樸素,我從不在無益的娛樂場所出現,也不出去釣魚或者打獵。確實,有的時候,因為讀書使我耽誤了工作,但那是極少數情況下的事,而且是秘密的,沒有閒話。為了顯示我並不是高高在上,我有的時候就推著一輛小車把買來的報紙運回家。這樣大家認為我是一個勤勞上進、又守信用的年輕人。我從不拖欠,所有文具批發商都拉我做他們的生意,其他商家也主動要求我替他們代銷書籍。我可真是一帆風順。同時,凱默的信用和生意卻每況愈下,最終被迫把他的印刷所賣了來還債。他去了巴巴多斯,在那裡住了些個年頭,窮困潦倒。
56凱默有個學徒,他的名字是大衛·哈里,我在那裡工作的時候指導過他。他買下了凱默的機器設備,在費城開起了印刷廠。我開始擔心他會成為我強有力的競爭對手,因為他的朋友能幹又有勢力。因此,我提議和他合夥,幸運的是他輕蔑地拒絕了我。他這個人很狂傲,穿的像個紳士,生活奢侈,經常在外面尋歡作樂,債務纏身,疏於管理他的生意,因此也沒有業務可做,最後他帶上他的機器,也和凱默一樣去了巴巴多斯。在巴巴多斯,他僱傭了他原來的老闆做工人。他們經常吵架。哈里仍然不斷地負債,最後被迫把機器變賣了,返回賓西法尼亞種田去了。那個買下哈里機器的人繼續僱傭凱默操作這些機器,幾年以後他就去世了。
57現在,費城除了一個老對手佈雷福德就沒有人和我競爭了。佈雷福德現在生活富裕舒適,他只是雇些零工偶爾幹些散活,對生意不是很擔心。但是,由於他負責管理郵局,人們認為他有更多的機會得到新聞,他的報紙在投放渠道上也比我有優勢,他的廣告業務也比我多,這對他很有利卻對我不利。事實上,我也通過他的郵局收發報紙,但是大家並不知道,我們是私下裡秘密進行的,我是通過賄賂郵局的騎師來進行的。佈雷福德知道了就會毫不留情地禁止,這種行為使我大為惱怒,也因此有點鄙視他。因此,當日後我處在他的位置時我從不學他那樣。
Part3
1MylodginginLittleBritainbeingtooremote,IfoundanotherinDuke-street,oppositetotheRomishChapel.Itwastwopairofstairsbackwards,atanItalianwarehouse.Awidowladykeptthehouse;shehadadaughter,andamaidservant,andajourneymanwhoattendedthewarehouse,butlodg'dabroad.AftersendingtoinquiremycharacteratthehousewhereIlastlodg'dsheagreedtotakemeinatthesamerate,3s.6d.perweek;cheaper,asshesaid,fromtheprotectionsheexpectedinhavingamanlodgeinthehouse.Shewasawidow,anelderlywoman;hadbeenbredaProtestant,beingaclergyman'sdaughter,butwasconvertedtotheCatholicreligionbyherhusband,whosememoryshemuchrevered;hadlivedmuchamongpeopleofdistinction,andknewathousandanecdotesofthemasfarbackasthetimesofCharlestheSecond.Shewaslameinherkneeswiththegout,and,therefore,seldomstirredoutofherroom,sosometimeswantedcompany;andherswassohighlyamusingtome,thatIwassuretospendaneveningwithherwhenevershedesiredit.Oursupperwasonlyhalfananchovyeach,onaverylittlestripofbreadandbutter,andhalfapintofalebetweenus;buttheentertainmentwasinherconversation.Myalwayskeepinggoodhours,andgivinglittletroubleinthefamily,madeherunwillingtopartwithme;sothat,whenItalk'dofalodgingIhadheardof,nearermybusiness,fortwoshillingsaweek,which,intentasInowwasonsavingmoney,madesomedifference,shebidmenotthinkofit,forshewouldabatemetwoshillingsaweekforthefuture;soIremainedwithheratoneshillingandsixpenceaslongasIstaidinLondon.
2Inagarretofherhousetherelivedamaidenladyofseventy,inthemostretiredmanner,ofwhommylandladygavemethisaccount:thatshewasaRomanCatholic,hadbeensentabroadwhenyoung,andlodg'dinanunnerywithanintentofbecominganun;but,thecountrynotagreeingwithher,shereturnedtoEngland,where,therebeingnonunnery,shehadvow'dtoleadthelifeofanun,asnearasmightbedoneinthosecircumstances.Accordingly,shehadgivenallherestatetocharitableuses,reservingonlytwelvepoundsayeartoliveon,andoutofthissumshestillgaveagreatdealincharity,livingherselfonwater-gruelonly,andusingnofirebuttoboilit.Shehadlivedmanyyearsinthatgarret,beingpermittedtoremaintheregratisbysuccessiveCatholictenantsofthehousebelow,astheydeemeditablessingtohaveherthere.Apriestvisitedhertoconfesshereveryday."Ihaveask'dher,"saysmylandlady,"howshe,assheliv'd,couldpossiblyfindsomuchemploymentforaconfessor?""Oh,"saidshe,"itisimpossibletoavoidvainthoughts."Iwaspermittedoncetovisither,Shewaschearfulandpolite,andconvers'dpleasantly.Theroomwasclean,buthadnootherfurniturethanamatras,atablewithacrucifixandbook,astoolwhichshegavemetositon,andapictureoverthechimneyofSaintVeronicadisplayingherhandkerchief,withthemiraculousfigureofChrist'sbleedingfaceonit,whichsheexplainedtomewithgreatseriousness.Shelook'dpale,butwasneversick;andIgiveitasanotherinstanceonhowsmallanincomelifeandhealthmaybesupported.
3AtWatts'sprinting-houseIcontractedanacquaintancewithaningeniousyoungman,oneWygate,who,havingwealthyrelations,hadbeenbettereducatedthanmostprinters;wasatolerableLatinist,spokeFrench,andlov'dreading.Itaughthimandafriendofhistoswimattwicegoingintotheriver,andtheysoonbecamegoodswimmers.Theyintroduc'dmetosomegentlemenfromthecountry,whowenttoChelseabywatertoseetheCollegeandDonSaltero'scuriosities.Inourreturn,attherequestofthecompany,whosecuriosityWygatehadexcited,Istrippedandleapedintotheriver,andswamfromnearChelseatoBlackfryar's,performingonthewaymanyfeatsofactivity,bothuponandunderwater,thatsurpris'dandpleas'dthosetowhomtheywerenovelties.
4Ihadfromachildbeeneverdelightedwiththisexercise,hadstudiedandpractis'dallThevenot'smotionsandpositions,addedsomeofmyown,aimingatthegracefulandeasyaswellastheuseful.AlltheseItookthisoccasionofexhibitingtothecompany,andwasmuchflatter'dbytheiradmiration;andWygate,whowasdesirousofbecomingamaster,grewmoreandmoreattach'dtomeonthataccount,aswellasfromthesimilarityofourstudies.HeatlengthproposedtometravellingalloverEuropetogether,supportingourselveseverywherebyworkingatourbusiness.Iwasonceinclinedtoit;but,mentioningittomygoodfriendMr.Denham,withwhomIoftenspentanhourwhenIhadleisure,hedissuadedmefromit,advisingmetothinkonlyofreturningtoPennsilvania,whichhewasnowabouttodo.
5Imustrecordonetraitofthisgoodman'scharacter.HehadformerlybeeninbusinessatBristol,butfailedindebttoanumberofpeople,compoundedandwenttoAmerica.There,byacloseapplicationtobusinessasamerchant,heacquir'daplentifulfortuneinafewyears.ReturningtoEnglandintheshipwithme,heinvitedhisoldcreditorstoanentertainment,atwhichhethank'dthemfortheeasycompositiontheyhadfavoredhimwith,and,whentheyexpectednothingbutthetreat,everymanatthefirstremovefoundunderhisplateanorderonabankerforthefullamountoftheunpaidremainderwithinterest.
6HenowtoldmehewasabouttoreturntoPhiladelphia,andshouldcarryoveragreatquantityofgoodsinordertoopenastorethere.Hepropos'dtotakemeoverashisclerk,tokeephisbooks,inwhichhewouldinstructme,copyhisletters,andattendthestore.Headdedthat,assoonasIshouldbeacquaintedwithmercantilebusiness,hewouldpromotemebysendingmewithacargoofflourandbread,etc.,totheWestIndies,andprocuremecommissionsfromotherswhichwouldbeprofitable;and,ifImanag'dwell,wouldestablishmehandsomely.Thethingpleas'dme;forIwasgrowntiredofLondon,rememberedwithpleasurethehappymonthsIhadspentinPennsylvania,andwish'dagaintoseeit;thereforeIimmediatelyagreedonthetermsoffiftypoundsayear,Pennsylvaniamoney;less,indeed,thanmypresentgettingsasacompositor,butaffordingabetterprospect.
7Inowtookleaveofprinting,asIthought,forever,andwasdailyemployedinmynewbusiness,goingaboutwithMr.Denhamamongthetradesmentopurchasevariousarticles,andseeingthempack'dup,doingerrands,callinguponworkmentodispatch,etc.;and,whenallwasonboard,Ihadafewdays'leisure.Ononeofthesedays,Iwas,tomysurprise,sentforbyagreatmanIknewonlybyname,aSirWilliamWyndham,andIwaiteduponhim.HehadheardbysomemeansorotherofmyswimmingfromChelseatoBlackfriar's,andofmyteachingWygateandanotheryoungmantoswiminafewhours.Hehadtwosons,abouttosetoutontheirtravels;hewish'dtohavethemfirsttaughtswimming,andproposedtogratifymehandsomelyifIwouldteachthem.Theywerenotyetcometotown,andmystaywasuncertain,soIcouldnotundertakeit;but,fromthisincident,Ithoughtitlikelythat,ifIweretoremaininEnglandandopenaswimming-school,Imightgetagooddealofmoney;anditstruckmesostrongly,that,hadtheoverturebeensoonermademe,probablyIshouldnotsosoonhavereturnedtoAmerica.Aftermanyyears,youandIhadsomethingofmoreimportancetodowithoneofthesesonsofSirWilliamWyndham,becomeEarlofEgremont,whichIshallmentioninitsplace.
8ThusIspentabouteighteenmonthsinLondon;mostpartofthetimeIwork'dhardatmybusiness,andspentbutlittleuponmyselfexceptinseeingplaysandinbooks.MyfriendRalphhadkeptmepoor;heowedmeabouttwenty-sevenpounds,whichIwasnowneverlikelytoreceive;agreatsumoutofmysmallearnings!Ilov'dhim,notwithstanding,forhehadmanyamiablequalities.Ihadbynomeansimprov'dmyfortune;butIhadpickedupsomeveryingeniousacquaintance,whoseconversationwasofgreatadvantagetome;andIhadreadconsiderably.
9Wesail'dfromGravesendonthe23dofJuly,1726.Fortheincidentsofthevoyage,Ireferyoutomyjournal,whereyouwillfindthemallminutelyrelated.Perhapsthemostimportantpartofthatjournalistheplantobefoundinit,whichIformedatsea,forregulatingmyfutureconductinlife.Itisthemoreremarkable,asbeingformedwhenIwassoyoung,andyetbeingprettyfaithfullyadheredtoquitethro'tooldage.
10WelandedinPhiladelphiaonthe11thofOctober,whereIfoundsundryalterations.Keithwasnolongergovernor,beingsupersededbyMajorGordon.Imethimwalkingthestreetsasacommoncitizen.Heseem'dalittleasham'datseeingme,butpass'dwithoutsayinganything.Ishouldhavebeenasmuchasham'datseeingMissRead,hadnotherfriends,despairingwithreasonofmyreturnafterthereceiptofmyletter,persuadedhertomarryanother,oneRogers,apotter,whichwasdoneinmyabsence.Withhim,however,shewasneverhappy,andsoonpartedfromhim,refusingtocohabitwithhimorbearhisname,itbeingnowsaidthathebadanotherwife.Hewasaworthlessfellow,tho'anexcellentworkman,whichwasthetemptationtoherfriends.Hegotintodebt,ranawayin1727or1728,wenttotheWestIndies,anddiedthere.Keimerhadgotabetterhouse,ashopwellsupply'dwithstationery,plentyofnewtypes,anumberofhands,tho'nonegood,andseem'dtohaveagreatdealofbusiness.
11Mr.DenhamtookastoreinWater-street,whereweopen'dourgoods;Iattendedthebusinessdiligently,studiedaccounts,andgrew,inalittletime,expertatselling.Welodg'dand,boardedtogether;hecounsell'dmeasafather,havingasincereregardforme.Irespectedandlov'dhim,andwemighthavegoneontogetherveryhappy;but,inthebeginningofFebruary,1726-7,whenIhadjustpass'dmytwenty-firstyear,webothweretakenill.Mydistemperwasapleurisy,whichverynearlycarriedmeoff.Isufferedagooddeal,gaveupthepointinmyownmind,andwasratherdisappointedwhenIfoundmyselfrecovering,regretting,insomedegree,thatImustnow,sometimeorother,haveallthatdisagreeableworktodooveragain.Iforgetwhathisdistemperwas;itheldhimalongtime,andatlengthcarriedhimoff.Heleftmeasmalllegacyinanuncupativewill,asatokenofhiskindnessforme,andheleftmeoncemoretothewideworld;forthestorewastakenintothecareofhisexecutors,andmyemploymentunderhimended.
12Mybrother-in-law,Holmes,beingnowatPhiladelphia,advisedmyreturntomybusiness;andKeimertemptedme,withanofferoflargewagesbytheyear,tocomeandtakethemanagementofhisprinting-house,thathemightbetterattendhisstationer'sshop.IhadheardabadcharacterofhiminLondonfromhiswifeandherfriends,andwasnotfondofhavinganymoretodowithhim.Itri'dforfartheremploymentasamerchant'sclerk;but,notreadilymeetingwithany,Iclos'dagainwithKeimer.Ifoundinhishousethesehands:HughMeredith,aWelshPensilvanian,thirtyyearsofage,bredtocountrywork;honest,sensible,hadagreatdealofsolidobservation,wassomethingofareader,butgiventodrink.StephenPotts,ayoungcountrymanoffullage,bredtothesame,ofuncommonnaturalparts,andgreatwitandhumor,butalittleidle.Thesehehadagreedwithatextreamlowwagesperweek,toberais'dashillingeverythreemonths,astheywoulddeservebyimprovingintheirbusiness;andtheexpectationofthesehighwages,tocomeonhereafter,waswhathehaddrawntheminwith.Meredithwastoworkatpress,Pottsatbook-binding,whichhe,byagreement,wastoteachthem,thoughheknewneitheronenort'other.John,awildIrishman,broughtuptonobusiness,whoseservice,forfouryears,Keimerhadpurchasedfromthecaptainofaship;he,too,wastobemadeapressman.GeorgeWebb,anOxfordscholar,whosetimeforfouryearshehadlikewisebought,intendinghimforacompositor,ofwhommorepresently;andDavidHarry,acountryboy,whomhehadtakenapprentice.
13Isoonperceiv'dthattheintentionofengagingmeatwagessomuchhigherthanhehadbeenus'dtogive,was,tohavetheseraw,cheaphandsform'dthro'me;and,assoonasIhadinstructedthem,thentheybeingallarticledtohim,heshouldbeabletodowithoutme.Iwenton,however,verycheerfully,puthisprinting-houseinorder,whichhadbeeningreatconfusion,andbroughthishandsbydegreestomindtheirbusinessandtodoitbetter.
14ItwasanoddthingtofindanOxfordscholarinthesituationofaboughtservant.Hewasnotmorethaneighteenyearsofage,andgavemethisaccountofhimself;thathewasborninGloucester,educatedatagrammar-schoolthere,hadbeendistinguish'damongthescholarsforsomeapparentsuperiorityinperforminghispart,whentheyexhibitedplays;belong'dtotheWittyClubthere,andhadwrittensomepiecesinproseandverse,whichwereprintedintheGloucesternewspapers;thencehewassenttoOxford;wherehecontinuedaboutayear,butnotwellsatisfi'd,wishingofallthingstoseeLondon,andbecomeaplayer.Atlength,receivinghisquarterlyallowanceoffifteenguineas,insteadofdischarginghisdebtshewalk'doutoftown,hidhisgowninafurzebush,andfootedittoLondon,where,havingnofriendtoadvisehim,hefellintobadcompany,soonspenthisguineas,foundnomeansofbeingintroduc'damongtheplayers,grewnecessitous,pawn'dhiscloaths,andwantedbread.Walkingthestreetveryhungry,andnotknowingwhattodowithhimself,acrimp'sbillwasputintohishand,offeringimmediateentertainmentandencouragementtosuchaswouldbindthemselvestoserveinAmerica.
15Hewentdirectly,sign'dtheindentures,wasputintotheship,andcameover,neverwritingalinetoacquainthisfriendswhatwasbecomeofhim.Hewaslively,witty,good-natur'd,andapleasantcompanion,butidle,thoughtless,andimprudenttothelastdegree.
16John,theIrishman,soonranaway;withtherestIbegantoliveveryagreeably,fortheyallrespectedmethemore,astheyfoundKeimerincapableofinstructingthem,andthatfrommetheylearnedsomethingdaily.WeneverworkedonSaturday,thatbeingKeimer'sSabbath,soIhadtwodaysforreading.Myacquaintancewithingeniouspeopleinthetownincreased.Keimerhimselftreatedmewithgreatcivilityandapparentregard,andnothingnowmademeuneasybutmydebttoVernon,whichIwasyetunabletopay,beinghithertobutapooreconomist.He,however,kindlymadenodemandofit.
17Ourprinting-houseoftenwantedsorts,andtherewasnoletter-founderinAmerica;IhadseentypescastatJames'sinLondon,butwithoutmuchattentiontothemanner;however,Inowcontrivedamould,madeuseoftheletterswehadaspuncheons,struckthematricesinlead,Andthussupply'dinaprettytolerablewayalldeficiencies.Ialsoengrav'dseveralthingsonoccasion;Imadetheink;Iwaswarehouseman,andeverything,and,inshort,quiteafactotum.
18But,howeverserviceableImightbe,Ifoundthatmyservicesbecameeverydayoflessimportance,astheotherhandsimprov'dinthebusiness;and,whenKeimerpaidmysecondquarter'swages,heletmeknowthathefeltthemtooheavy,andthoughtIshouldmakeanabatement.Hegrewbydegreeslesscivil,putonmoreofthemaster,frequentlyfoundfault,wascaptious,andseem'dreadyforanoutbreaking.Iwenton,nevertheless,withagooddealofpatience,thinkingthathisencumber'dcircumstanceswerepartlythecause.Atlengthatriflesnaptourconnections;for,agreatnoisehappeningnearthecourt-house,Iputmyheadoutofthewindowtoseewhatwasthematter.Keimer,beinginthestreet,look'dupandsawme,call'douttomeinaloudvoiceandangrytonetomindmybusiness,addingsomereproachfulwords,thatnettledmethemorefortheirpublicity,alltheneighborswhowerelookingoutonthesameoccasionbeingwitnesseshowIwastreated.Hecameupimmediatelyintotheprinting-house,continu'dthequarrel,highwordspass'donbothsides,hegavemethequarter'swarningwehadstipulated,expressingawishthathehadnotbeenoblig'dtosolongawarning.Itoldhimhiswishwasunnecessary,forIwouldleavehimthatinstant;andso,takingmyhat,walk'doutofdoors,desiringMeredith,whomIsawbelow,totakecareofsomethingsIleft,andbringthemtomylodgings.
19Meredithcameaccordinglyintheevening,whenwetalkedmyaffairover.Hehadconceiv'dagreatregardforme,andwasveryunwillingthatIshouldleavethehousewhileheremain'dinit.Hedissuadedmefromreturningtomynativecountry,whichIbegantothinkof;heremindedmethatKeimerwasindebtforallhepossess'd;thathiscreditorsbegantobeuneasy;thathekepthisshopmiserably,soldoftenwithoutprofitforreadymoney,andoftentrustedwithoutkeepingaccounts;thathemustthereforefall,whichwouldmakeavacancyImightprofitof.Iobjectedmywantofmoney.Hethenletmeknowthathisfatherhadahighopinionofme,and,fromsomediscoursethathadpass'dbetweenthem,hewassurewouldadvancemoneytosetusup,ifIwouldenterintopartnershipwithhim."Mytime,"sayshe,"willbeoutwithKeimerinthespring;bythattimewemayhaveourpressandtypesinfromLondon.IamsensibleIamnoworkman.Ifyoulikeit,yourskillinthebusinessshallbesetagainstthestockIfurnish,andwewillsharetheprofitsequally."
20Theproposalwasagreeable,andIconsented;hisfatherwasintownandapprov'dofit;themoreashesawIhadgreatinfluencewithhisson,hadprevail'donhimtoabstainlongfromdram-drinking,andhehop'dmightbreakhimoffthatwretchedhabitentirely,whenwecametobesocloselyconnected.Igaveaninventorytothefather,whocarry'dittoamerchant;thethingsweresentfor,thesecretwastobekepttilltheyshouldarrive,andinthemeantimeIwastogetwork,ifIcould,attheotherprinting-house.ButIfoundnovacancythere,andsoremain'didleafewdays,whenKeimer,onaprospectofbeingemploy'dtoprintsomepapermoneyinNewJersey,whichwouldrequirecutsandvarioustypesthatIonlycouldsupply,andapprehendingBradfordmightengagemeandgetthejobbfromhim,sentmeaverycivilmessage,thatoldfriendsshouldnotpartforafewwords,theeffectofsuddenpassion,andwishingmetoreturn.Meredithpersuadedmetocomply,asitwouldgivemoreopportunityforhisimprovementundermydailyinstructions;soIreturn'd,andwewentonmoresmoothlythanforsometimebefore.TheNewJerseyjobbwasobtain'd,Icontriv'dacopperplatepressforit,thefirstthathadbeenseeninthecountry;Icutseveralornamentsandchecksforthebills.WewenttogethertoBurlington,whereIexecutedthewholetosatisfaction;andhereceivedsolargeasumfortheworkastobeenabledtherebytokeephisheadmuchlongerabovewater.
21AtBurlingtonImadeanacquaintancewithmanyprincipalpeopleoftheprovince.SeveralofthemhadbeenappointedbytheAssemblyacommitteetoattendthepress,andtakecarethatnomorebillswereprintedthanthelawdirected.Theyweretherefore,byturns,constantlywithus,andgenerallyhewhoattended,broughtwithhimafriendortwoforcompany.Mymindhavingbeenmuchmoreimprov'dbyreadingthanKeimer's,Isupposeitwasforthatreasonmyconversationseem'dtohemorevalu'd.Theyhadmetotheirhouses,introducedmetotheirfriends,andshow'dmemuchcivility;whilehe,tho'themaster,wasalittleneglected.Intruth,hewasanoddfish;ignorantofcommonlife,fondofrudelyopposingreceiv'dopinions,slovenlytoextreamdirtiness,enthusiasticinsomepointsofreligion,andalittleknavishwithal.
22Wecontinu'dtherenearthreemonths;andbythattimeIcouldreckonamongmyacquiredfriends,JudgeAllen,SamuelBustill,thesecretaryoftheProvince,IsaacPearson,JosephCooper,andseveraloftheSmiths,membersofAssembly,andIsaacDecow,thesurveyor-general.Thelatterwasashrewd,sagaciousoldman,whotoldmethathebeganforhimself,whenyoung,bywheelingclayforthebrick-makers,learnedtowriteafterbewasofage,carri'dthechainforsurveyors,whotaughthimsurveying,andhehadnowbyhisindustry,acquir'dagoodestate;andsayshe,"Iforeseethatyouwillsoonworkthismanoutofbusiness,andmakeafortuneinitatPhiladelphia."Hehadnotthentheleastintimationofmyintentiontosetupthereoranywhere.Thesefriendswereafterwardsofgreatusetome,asIoccasionallywastosomeofthem.Theyallcontinuedtheirregardformeaslongastheylived.
23BeforeIenteruponmypublicappearanceinbusiness,itmaybewelltoletyouknowthethenstateofmymindwithregardtomyprinciplesandmorals,thatyoumayseehowfarthoseinfluenc'dthefutureeventsofmylife.Myparentshadearlygivenmereligiousimpressions,andbroughtmethroughmychildhoodpiouslyintheDissentingway.ButIwasscarcefifteen,when,afterdoubtingbyturnsofseveralpoints,asIfoundthemdisputedinthedifferentbooksIread,IbegantodoubtofRevelationitself.SomebooksagainstDeismfellintomyhands;theyweresaidtobethesubstanceofsermonspreachedatBoyle'sLectures.Ithappenedthattheywroughtaneffectonmequitecontrarytowhatwasintendedbythem;fortheargumentsoftheDeists,whichwerequotedtoberefuted,appearedtomemuchstrongerthantherefutations;inshort,IsoonbecameathoroughDeist.Myargumentspervertedsomeothers,particularlyCollinsandRalph;but,eachofthemhavingafterwardswrong'dmegreatlywithouttheleastcompunction,andrecollectingKeith'sconducttowardsme(whowasanotherfreethinker),andmyowntowardsVernonandMissRead,whichattimesgavemegreattrouble,Ibegantosuspectthatthisdoctrine,tho'itmightbetrue,wasnotveryuseful.MyLondonpamphlet,whichhadforitsmottotheselinesofDryden:
Whateveris,isright.
Thoughpurblindman
Seesbutaparto'thechain,thenearestlink,
Hiseyesnotcarryingtotheequalbeam,
Thatpoisesallabove.
24AndfromtheattributesofGod,hisinfinitewisdom,goodnessandpower,concludedthatnothingcouldpossiblybewrongintheworld,andthatviceandvirtuewereemptydistinctions,nosuchthingsexisting,appear'dnownotsocleveraperformanceasIoncethoughtit;andIdoubtedwhethersomeerrorhadnotinsinuateditselfunperceiv'dintomyargument,soastoinfectallthatfollow'd,asiscommoninmetaphysicalreasonings.
25Igrewconvinc'dthattruth,sincerityandintegrityindealingsbetweenmanandmanwereoftheutmostimportancetothefelicityoflife;andIform'dwrittenresolutions,whichstillremaininmyjournalbook,topracticethemeverwhileIlived.Revelationhadindeednoweightwithme,assuch;butIentertain'danopinionthat,thoughcertainactionsmightnotbebadbecausetheywereforbiddenbyit,orgoodbecauseitcommandedthem,yetprobablytheseactionsmightbeforbiddenbecausetheywerebadforus,orcommandedbecausetheywerebeneficialtous,intheirownnatures,allthecircumstancesofthingsconsidered.Andthispersuasion,withthekindhandofProvidence,orsomeguardianangel,oraccidentalfavorablecircumstancesandsituations,oralltogether,preservedme,thro'thisdangeroustimeofyouth,andthehazardoussituationsIwassometimesinamongstrangers,remotefromtheeyeandadviceofmyfather,withoutanywillfulgrossimmoralityorinjustice,thatmighthavebeenexpectedfrommywantofreligion.Isaywillful,becausetheinstancesIhavementionedhadsomethingofnecessityinthem,frommyyouth,inexperience,andtheknaveryofothers.Ihadthereforeatolerablecharactertobegintheworldwith;Ivalueditproperly,anddetermin'dtopreserveit.
26Wehadnotbeenlongreturn'dtoPhiladelphiabeforethenewtypesarriv'dfromLondon.WesettledwithKeimer,andlefthimbyhisconsentbeforeheheardofit.Wefoundahousetohirenearthemarket,andtookit.Tolessentherent,whichwasthenbuttwenty-fourpoundsayear,tho'Ihavesinceknownittoletforseventy,wetookinThomasGodfrey,aglazier,andhisfamily,whoweretopayaconsiderablepartofittous,andwetoboardwiththem.Wehadscarceopenedourlettersandputourpressinorder,beforeGeorgeHouse,anacquaintanceofmine,broughtacountrymantous,whomhehadmetinthestreetinquiringforaprinter.Allourcashwasnowexpendedinthevarietyofparticularswehadbeenobligedtoprocure,andthiscountryman'sfiveshillings,beingourfirst-fruits,andcomingsoseasonably,gavememorepleasurethananycrownIhavesinceearned;andthegratitudeIfelttowardHousehasmademeoftenmorereadythanperhapsIshouldotherwisehavebeentoassistyoungbeginners.
27Therearecroakersineverycountry,alwaysbodingitsruin.SuchaonethenlivedinPhiladelphia;apersonofnote,anelderlyman,withawiselookandaverygravemannerofspeaking;hisnamewasSamuelMickle.Thisgentleman,astrangertome,stoptonedayatmydoor,andaskedmeifIwastheyoungmanwhohadlatelyopenedanewprinting-house.Beingansweredintheaffirmative,hesaidhewassorryforme,becauseitwasanexpensiveundertaking,andtheexpensewouldbelost;forPhiladelphiawasasinkingplace,thepeoplealreadyhalf-bankrupts,ornearbeingso;allappearancestothecontrary,suchasnewbuildingsandtheriseofrents,beingtohiscertainknowledgefallacious;fortheywere,infact,amongthethingsthatwouldsoonruinus.Andhegavemesuchadetailofmisfortunesnowexisting,orthatweresoontoexist,thatheleftmehalfmelancholy.HadIknownhimbeforeIengagedinthisbusiness,probablyInevershouldhavedoneit.Thismancontinuedtoliveinthisdecayingplace,andtodeclaiminthesamestrain,refusingformanyyearstobuyahousethere,becauseallwasgoingtodestruction;andatlastIhadthepleasureofseeinghimgivefivetimesasmuchforoneashemighthaveboughtitforwhenhefirstbeganhiscroaking.
28Ishouldhavementionedbefore,that,intheautumnoftheprecedingyear,Ihadform'dmostofmyingeniousacquaintanceintoaclubofmutualimprovement,whichwecalledtheJUNTO;wemetonFridayevenings.TherulesthatIdrewuprequiredthateverymember,inhisturn,shouldproduceoneormorequeriesonanypointofMorals,Politics,orNaturalPhilosophy,tobediscuss'dbythecompany;andonceinthreemonthsproduceandreadanessayofhisownwriting,onanysubjecthepleased.Ourdebatesweretobeunderthedirectionofapresident,andtobeconductedinthesincerespiritofinquiryaftertruth,withoutfondnessfordispute,ordesireofvictory;and,topreventwarmth,allexpressionsofpositivenessinopinions,ordirectcontradiction,wereaftersometimemadecontraband,andprohibitedundersmallpecuniarypenalties.
29ThefirstmemberswereJosephBreintnal,acopyerofdeedsforthescriveners,agood-natur'd,friendly,middle-ag'dman,agreatloverofpoetry,readingallhecouldmeetwith,andwritingsomethatwastolerable;veryingeniousinmanylittleNicknackeries,andofsensibleconversation.
30ThomasGodfrey,aself-taughtmathematician,greatinhisway,andafterwardinventorofwhatisnowcalledHadley'sQuadrant.Butheknewlittleoutofhisway,andwasnotapleasingcompanion;as,likemostgreatmathematiciansIhavemetwith,heexpecteduniversalprecisionineverythingsaid,orwasforeverdenyingordistinguishingupontrifles,tothedisturbanceofallconversation.Hesoonleftus.
31NicholasScull,asurveyor,afterwardssurveyor-general,wholov'dbooks,andsometimesmadeafewverses.
32WilliamParsons,bredashoemaker,butlovingreading,hadacquir'daconsiderableshareofmathematics,whichhefirststudiedwithaviewtoastrology,thatheafterwardslaughtatit.Healsobecamesurveyor-general.
33WilliamMaugridge,ajoiner,amostexquisitemechanic,andasolid,sensibleman.
34HughMeredith,StephenPotts,andGeorgeWebbIhavecharacteriz'dbefore.
35RobertGrace,ayounggentlemanofsomefortune,generous,lively,andwitty;aloverofpunningandofhisfriends.
36AndWilliamColeman,thenamerchant'sclerk,aboutmyage,whohadthecoolest,dearesthead,thebestheart,andtheexactestmoralsofalmostanymanIevermetwith.Hebecameafterwardsamerchantofgreatnote,andoneofourprovincialjudges.Ourfriendshipcontinuedwithoutinterruptiontohisdeath,upwardoffortyyears;andtheclubcontinuedalmostaslong,andwasthebestschoolofphilosophy,morality,andpoliticsthatthenexistedintheprovince;forourqueries,whichwerereadtheweekprecedingtheirdiscussion,putusuponreadingwithattentionupontheseveralsubjects,thatwemightspeakmoretothepurpose;andhere,too,weacquiredbetterhabitsofconversation,everythingbeingstudiedinourruleswhichmightpreventourdisgustingeachother.Fromhencethelongcontinuanceoftheclub,whichIshallhavefrequentoccasiontospeakfurtherofhereafter.
37ButmygivingthisaccountofithereistoshowsomethingoftheinterestIhad,everyoneoftheseexertingthemselvesinrecommendingbusinesstous.Breintnalparticularlyprocur'dusfromtheQuakerstheprintingfortysheetsoftheirhistory,therestbeingtobedonebyKeimer;anduponthiswework'dexceedinglyhard,forthepricewaslow.Itwasafolio,propatriasize,inpica,withlongprimernotes.Icompos'dofitasheetaday,andMeredithworkeditoffatpress;itwasoftenelevenatnight,andsometimeslater,beforeIhadfinishedmydistributionforthenextday'swork,forthelittlejobssentinbyourotherfriendsnowandthenputusback.
38Butsodetermin'dIwastocontinuedoingasheetadayofthefolio,thatonenight,when,havingimpos'dmyforms,Ithoughtmyday'sworkover,oneofthembyaccidentwasbroken,andtwopagesreducedtopi,Iimmediatelydistributedandcompos'ditoveragainbeforeIwenttobed;andthisindustry,visibletoourneighbors,begantogiveuscharacterandcredit;particularly,Iwastold,thatmentionbeingmadeofthenewprinting-officeatthemerchants'Every-nightclub,thegeneralopinionwasthatitmustfail,therebeingalreadytwoprintersintheplace,KeimerandBradford;butDr.Baird(whomyouandIsawmanyyearsafterathisnativeplace,St.Andrew'sinScotland)gaveacontraryopinion:"FortheindustryofthatFranklin,"sayshe,"issuperiortoanythingIeversawofthekind;IseehimstillatworkwhenIgohomefromclub,andheisatworkagainbeforehisneighborsareoutofbed."Thisstrucktherest,andwesoonafterhadoffersfromoneofthemtosupplyuswithstationery;butasyetwedidnotchusetoengageinshopbusiness.
39Imentionthisindustrythemoreparticularlyandthemorefreely,tho'itseemstobetalkinginmyownpraise,thatthoseofmyposterity,whoshallreadit,mayknowtheuseofthatvirtue,whentheyseeitseffectsinmyfavourthroughoutthisrelation.
40GeorgeWebb,whohadfoundafemalefriendthatlenthimwherewithtopurchasehistimeofKeimer,nowcametoofferhimselfasajourneymantous.Wecouldnotthenemployhim;butIfoolishlylethimknowasasecretthatIsoonintendedtobeginanewspaper,andmightthenhaveworkforhim.Myhopesofsuccess,asItoldhim,werefoundedonthis,thatthethenonlynewspaper,printedbyBradford,wasapaltrything,wretchedlymanag'd,nowayentertaining,andyetwasprofitabletohim;Ithereforethoughtagoodpaperwouldscarcelyfailofgoodencouragement.IrequestedWebbnottomentionit;buthetoldittoKeimer,whoimmediately,tobebeforehandwithme,publishedproposalsforprintingonehimself,onwhichWebbwastobeemploy'd.Iresentedthis;and,tocounteractthem,asIcouldnotyetbeginourpaper,IwroteseveralpiecesofentertainmentforBradford'spaper,underthetitleoftheBUSYBODY,whichBreintnalcontinu'dsomemonths.Bythismeanstheattentionofthepublickwasfixedonthatpaper,andKeimer'sproposals,whichweburlesqu'dandridicul'd,weredisregarded.Hebeganhispaper,however,and,aftercarryingitonthreequartersofayear,withatmostonlyninetysubscribers,heofferedittomeforatrifle;andI,havingbeenreadysometimetogoonwithit,tookitinhanddirectly;anditprov'dinafewyearsextremelyprofitabletome.
41IperceivethatIamapttospeakinthesingularnumber,thoughourpartnershipstillcontinu'd;thereasonmaybethat,infact,thewholemanagementofthebusinesslayuponme.Meredithwasnocompositor,apoorpressman,andseldomsober.Myfriendslamentedmyconnectionwithhim,butIwastomakethebestofit.
42Ourfirstpapersmadeaquitedifferentappearancefromanybeforeintheprovince;abettertype,andbetterprinted;butsomespiritedremarksofmywriting,onthedisputethengoingonbetweenGovernorBurnetandtheMassachusettsAssembly,strucktheprincipalpeople,occasionedthepaperandthemanagerofittobemuchtalk'dof,andinafewweeksbroughtthemalltobeoursubscribers.
43Theirexamplewasfollow'dbymany,andournumberwentongrowingcontinually.Thiswasoneofthefirstgoodeffectsofmyhavinglearntalittletoscribble;anotherwas,thattheleadingmen,seeinganewspapernowinthehandsofonewhocouldalsohandleapen,thoughtitconvenienttoobligeandencourageme.Bradfordstillprintedthevotes,andlaws,andotherpublickbusiness.HehadprintedanaddressoftheHousetothegovernor,inacoarse,blunderingmanner,wereprinteditelegantlyandcorrectly,andsentonetoeverymember.Theyweresensibleofthedifference:itstrengthenedthehandsofourfriendsintheHouse,andtheyvotedustheirprintersfortheyearensuing.
44AmongmyfriendsintheHouseImustnotforgetMr.Hamilton,beforementioned,whowasthenreturnedfromEngland,andhadaseatinit.Heinterestedhimselfformestronglyinthatinstance,ashedidinmanyothersafterward,continuinghispatronagetillhisdeath.
45Mr.Vernon,aboutthistime,putmeinmindofthedebtIow'dhim,butdidnotpressme.Iwrotehimaningenuousletterofacknowledgment,crav'dhisforbearancealittlelonger,whichheallow'dme,andassoonasIwasable,Ipaidtheprincipalwithinterest,andmanythanks;sothaterratumwasinsomedegreecorrected.
46ButnowanotherdifficultycameuponmewhichIhadnevertheleastreasontoexpect.Mr.Meredith'sfather,whowastohavepaidforourprinting-house,accordingtotheexpectationsgivenme,wasabletoadvanceonlyonehundredpoundscurrency,whichhadbeenpaid;andahundredmorewasduetothemerchant,whogrewimpatient,andsu'dusall.Wegavebail,butsawthat,ifthemoneycouldnotberais'dintime,thesuitmustsooncometoajudgmentandexecution,andourhopefulprospectsmust,withus,beruined,asthepressandlettersmustbesoldforpayment,perhapsathalfprice.
47Inthisdistresstwotruefriends,whosekindnessIhaveneverforgotten,norevershallforgetwhileIcanrememberanything,cametomeseparately,unknowntoeachother,and,withoutanyapplicationfromme,offeringeachofthemtoadvancemeallthemoneythatshouldbenecessarytoenablemetotakethewholebusinessuponmyself,ifthatshouldbepracticable;buttheydidnotlikemycontinuingthepartnershipwithMeredith,who,astheysaid,wasoftenseendrunkinthestreets,andplayingatlowgamesinalehouses,muchtoourdiscredit.ThesetwofriendswereWilliamColemanandRobertGrace.ItoldthemIcouldnotproposeaseparationwhileanyprospectremain'doftheMerediths'fulfillingtheirpartofouragreement,becauseIthoughtmyselfundergreatobligationstothemforwhattheyhaddone,andwoulddoiftheycould;but,iftheyfinallyfail'dintheirperformance,andourpartnershipmustbedissolv'd,Ishouldthenthinkmyselfatlibertytoaccepttheassistanceofmyfriends.
48Thusthematterrestedforsometime,whenIsaidtomypartner,"Perhapsyourfatherisdissatisfiedatthepartyouhaveundertakeninthisaffairofours,andisunwillingtoadvanceforyouandmewhathewouldforyoualone.Ifthatisthecase,tellme,andIwillresignthewholetoyou,andgoaboutmybusiness.""No,"saidhe,"myfatherhasreallybeendisappointed,andisreallyunable;andIamunwillingtodistresshimfarther.IseethisisabusinessIamnotfitfor.Iwasbredafarmer,anditwasafollyinmetocometotown,andputmyself,atthirtyyearsofage,anapprenticetolearnanewtrade.ManyofourWelshpeoplearegoingtosettleinNorthCarolina,wherelandischeap.Iaminclin'dtogowiththem,andfollowmyoldemployment.Youmayfindfriendstoassistyou.Ifyouwilltakethedebtsofthecompanyuponyou;returntomyfatherthehundredpoundhehasadvanced;paymylittlepersonaldebts,andgivemethirtypoundsandanewsaddle,Iwillrelinquishthepartnership,andleavethewholeinyourhands."Iagreedtothisproposal:itwasdrawnupinwriting,sign'd,andseal'dimmediately.Igavehimwhathedemanded,andhewentsoonaftertoCarolina,fromwhencehesentmenextyeartwolongletters,containingthebestaccountthathadbeengivenofthatcountry,theclimate,thesoil,husbandry,etc.,forinthosemattershewasveryjudicious.Iprintedtheminthepapers,andtheygavegreatsatisfactiontothepublick.
49Assoonashewasgone,Irecurr'dtomytwofriends;andbecauseIwouldnotgiveanunkindpreferencetoeither,ItookhalfofwhateachhadofferedandIwantedofone,andhalfoftheother;paidoffthecompany'sdebts,andwentonwiththebusinessinmyownname,advertisingthatthepartnershipwasdissolved.Ithinkthiswasinorabouttheyear1729.
50Aboutthistimetherewasacryamongthepeopleformorepapermoney,onlyfifteenthousandpoundsbeingextantintheprovince,andthatsoontobesunk.Thewealthyinhabitantsoppos'danyaddition,beingagainstallpapercurrency,fromanapprehensionthatitwoulddepreciate,asithaddoneinNewEngland,totheprejudiceofallcreditors.Wehaddiscuss'dthispointinourJunto,whereIwasonthesideofanaddition,beingpersuadedthatthefirstsmallsumstruckin1723haddonemuchgoodbyincreasingthetrade,employment,andnumberofinhabitantsintheprovince,sinceInowsawalltheoldhousesinhabited,andmanynewonesbuilding;whereasIrememberedwell,thatwhenIfirstwalk'daboutthestreetsofPhiladelphia,eatingmyroll,IsawmostofthehousesinWalnut-street,betweenSecondandFrontstreets,withbillsontheirdoors,"Tobelet";andmanylikewiseinChestnut-streetandotherstreets,whichmademethenthinktheinhabitantsofthecityweredesertingitoneafteranother.
51Ourdebatespossess'dmesofullyofthesubject,thatIwroteandprintedananonymouspamphletonit,entitledTheNatureandNecessityofaPaperCurrency.Itwaswellreceiv'dbythecommonpeopleingeneral;buttherichmendislik'dit,foritincreas'dandstrengthen'dtheclamorformoremoney,andtheyhappeningtohavenowritersamongthemthatwereabletoanswerit,theiroppositionslacken'd,andthepointwascarriedbyamajorityintheHouse.Myfriendsthere,whoconceiv'dIhadbeenofsomeservice,thoughtfittorewardmebyemployingmeinprintingthemoney;averyprofitablejobbandagreathelptome.Thiswasanotheradvantagegain'dbymybeingabletowrite.
52Theutilityofthiscurrencybecamebytimeandexperiencesoevidentasneverafterwardstobemuchdisputed;sothatitgrewsoontofifty-fivethousandpounds,andin1739toeightythousandpounds,sincewhichitaroseduringwartoupwardsofthreehundredandfiftythousandpounds,trade,building,andinhabitantsallthewhileincreasing,tillInowthinktherearelimitsbeyondwhichthequantitymaybehurtful.
53Isoonafterobtain'd,thro'myfriendHamilton,theprintingoftheNewcastlepapermoney,anotherprofitablejobbasIthenthoughtit;smallthingsappearinggreattothoseinsmallcircumstances;andthese,tome,werereallygreatadvantages,astheyweregreatencouragements.Heprocuredforme,also,theprintingofthelawsandvotesofthatgovernment,whichcontinu'dinmyhandsaslongasIfollow'dthebusiness.
54Inowopen'dalittlestationer'sshop.Ihadinitblanksofallsorts,thecorrectestthateverappear'damongus,beingassistedinthatbymyfriendBreintnal.Ihadalsopaper,parchment,chapmen'sbooks,etc.OneWhitemash,acompositorIhadknowninLondon,anexcellentworkman,nowcametome,andwork'dwithmeconstantlyanddiligently;andItookanapprentice,thesonofAquilaRose.
55IbegannowgraduallytopayoffthedebtIwasunderfortheprinting-house.Inordertosecuremycreditandcharacterasatradesman,Itookcarenotonlytobeinrealityindustriousandfrugal,buttoavoidallappearancestothecontrary.Idrestplainly;Iwasseenatnoplacesofidlediversion.Ineverwentoutafishingorshooting;abook,indeed,sometimesdebauch'dmefrommywork,butthatwasseldom,snug,andgavenoscandal;and,toshowthatIwasnotabovemybusiness,IsometimesbroughthomethepaperIpurchas'datthestoresthro'thestreetsonawheelbarrow.Thusbeingesteem'danindustrious,thrivingyoungman,andpayingdulyforwhatIbought,themerchantswhoimportedstationerysolicitedmycustom;othersproposedsupplyingmewithbooks,andIwentonswimmingly.Inthemeantime,Keimer'screditandbusinessdecliningdaily,hewasatlastforc'dtosellhisprintinghousetosatisfyhiscreditors.HewenttoBarbadoes,andtherelivedsomeyearsinverypoorcircumstances.
56Hisapprentice,DavidHarry,whomIhadinstructedwhileIwork'dwithhim,setupinhisplaceatPhiladelphia,havingboughthismaterials.IwasatfirstapprehensiveofapowerfulrivalinHarry,ashisfriendswereveryable,andhadagooddealofinterest.Ithereforepropos'dapartner-shiptohimwhichhe,fortunatelyforme,rejectedwithscorn.Hewasveryproud,dress'dlikeagentleman,liv'dexpensively,tookmuchdiversionandpleasureabroad,ranindebt,andneglectedhisbusiness;uponwhich,allbusinesslefthim;and,findingnothingtodo,hefollowedKeimertoBarbadoes,takingtheprinting-housewithhim.Therethisapprenticeemploy'dhisformermasterasajourneyman;theyquarrel'doften;Harrywentcontinuallybehindhand,andatlengthwasforc'dtosellhistypesandreturntohiscountryworkinPensilvania.Thepersonthatboughtthememploy'dKeimertousethem,butinafewyearshedied.
57ThereremainednownocompetitorwithmeatPhiladelphiabuttheoldone,Bradford;whowasrichandeasy,didalittleprintingnowandthenbystragglinghands,butwasnotveryanxiousaboutthebusiness.However,ashekeptthepost-office,itwasimaginedhehadbetteropportunitiesofobtainingnews;hispaperwasthoughtabetterdistributerofadvertisementsthanmine,andthereforehadmany,more,whichwasaprofitablethingtohim,andadisadvantagetome;for,tho'Ididindeedreceiveandsendpapersbythepost,yetthepublickopinionwasotherwise,forwhatIdidsendwasbybribingtheriders,whotookthemprivately,Bradfordbeingunkindenoughtoforbidit,whichoccasion'dsomeresentmentonmypart;andIthoughtsomeanlyofhimforit,that,whenIafterwardcameintohissituation,Itookcarenevertoimitateit.