SpeechattheGravesideofKarlMarx
弗裡德裡希·恩格斯/FriederichEngels
弗裡德裡希·恩格斯（1820—1895），馬克思主義創始人之一，馬克思的親密戰友。恩格斯出身於德國紡織主家庭，與馬克思相識後並肩戰鬥，共同起草《共產黨宣言》並領導第一國際工作，著有《反杜林論》等大量著作。馬克思逝世後，他擔任整理和發表馬克思的文獻遺產和繼續領導國際工人運動的重任，參加創建並指導第二國際工作，與各種機會主義進行了堅決的鬥爭，直至1895年8月5日病逝。
AceintheHole
Understandthesenewwordsbeforeyoureadthisarticle.
1.immeasurableadj.無法計量的，無限的
2.ideologyn.思想(體系)，思想意識
3.bourgeoisadj.資產階級的
4.revolutionaryn.革命者，革新者
Onthe14thofMarch,ataquartertothreeintheafternoon,thegreatestlivingthinkerceasedtothink.Hehadbeenleftaloneforscarcelytwominutes,andwhenwecamebackwefoundhiminhisarmchair,peacefullygonetosleep—butforever.
AnimmeasurablelosshasbeensustainedbothbythemilitantproletariatofEuropeandAmerica,andbyhistoricalscience,inthedeathofthisman.Thegapthathasbeenleftbythedepartureofthismightyspiritwillsoonenoughmakeitselffelt.
JustasDarwindiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentoforganicnature,soMarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistory:thesimplefact,hithertoconcealedbyanovergrowthofideology,thatmankindmustfirstofalleat,drink,haveshelterandclothing,beforeitcanpursuepolitics,science,art,religion,etc.,thatthereforetheproductionoftheimmediatematerialmeansofsubsistenceandconsequentlythedegreeofeconomicdevelopmentattainedbyagivenpeopleorduringagivenepochformthefoundationuponwhichthestateinstitutions,thelegalconceptions,artandeventheideasonreligion,ofthepeopleconcernedhavebeenevolved,andinthelightofwhichtheymust,therefore,beexplained,insteadofviceversa,ashadhithertobeenthecase.
Butthatisnotall.Marxalsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoverningthepresent-daycapitalistmodeofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.Thediscoveryofsurplusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem,intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations,ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics,hadbeengropinginthedark.
Twosuchdiscoverieswouldbeenoughforonelifetime.Happythemantowhomitisgrantedtomakeevenonesuchdiscovery.ButineverysinglefieldwhichMarxinvestigated—andheinvestigatedverymanyfields,noneofthemsuperficially—ineveryfield,eveninthatofmathematics,hemadeindependentdiscoveries.
Suchwasthemanofscience.Butthiswasnotevenhalftheman.SciencewasforMarxahistoricallydynamic,revolutionaryforce.Howevergreatthejoywithwhichhewelcomedanewdiscoveryinsometheoreticalsciencewhosepracticalapplicationperhapsitwasasyetquiteimpossibletoenvisage,heexperiencedquiteanotherkindofjoywhenthediscoveryinvolvedimmediaterevolutionarychangesinindustry,andinhistoricaldevelopmentingeneral.Forexample,hefollowedcloselythedevelopmentofthediscoveriesmadeinthefieldofelectricityandrecentlythoseofMarcelDeprez.