AGameofCards
?諾曼·卡曾斯/NormanCousins
EvensinceIwasoldenoughtoreadbooksonphilosophy,Ihavebeenintriguedbythediscussionsonthenatureofman.Thephilosophershavebeendebatingforyearsaboutwhethermanisprimarilygoodorprimarilyevil,whetherheisprimarilyaltruisticorselfish,co-operativeorcompetitive,gregariousorself-centered,whetherheenjoysfreewillorwhethereverythingispredetermined.
AsfarbackastheSocraticdialoguesinPlato,andevenbeforethat,manhasbeenbaffledabouthimself.Heknowsheiscapableofgreatandnobledeeds,butthenheisoppressedwiththeevidenceofgreatwrongdoing.
Andsohewonders.Idon』tpresumetobeabletoresolvethecontradictions.InfactIdon』tthinkwehaveto.Itseemstomethatthedebateovergoodandevilinman,overfreewillanddeterminism,andoveralltheothercontradictions—thatthisdebateisafutileone.Formanisacreatureofdualism.Heisbothgoodandevil,bothaltruisticandselfish.Heenjoysfreewilltotheextentthathecanmakedecisionsinlife,buthecan』tchangehischemistryorhisrelativesorhisphysicalendowments—allofwhichweredeterminedforhimatbirth.Andratherthanspeculateoverwhichsideofhimisdominant,hemightdowelltoconsiderwhatthecontradictionsandcircumstancesarethattendtobringoutthegoodorevil,thatenablehimtobenoblerandaresponsiblememberofthehumanrace.Andsofarasfreewillanddeterminismareconcerned,somethingIheardinIndiaonarecentvisittothesubcontinentmaybeworthpassingalong.Freewillanddeterminism,Iwastold,arelikeagameofcards.Thehandthatisdealtyourepresentsdeterminism.Thewayyouplayyourhandrepresentsfreewill.
Nowwheredoesallthisleavesus?Itseemstomethatweoughttoattempttobringaboutandsafeguardthoseconditionsthattendtodevelopthebestinman.Weknow,forexample,thattheexistenceoffearandman』sinabilitytocopewithfearbringabouttheworstinhim.Weknowthatwhatistrueofmanonasmallscalecanbetrueofsocietyonalargescale.Andtodaytheconditionsoffearintheworldare.I』mafraid,affectingmeneverywhere.Morethantwenty-threehundredyearsago,theGreekworld,whichhadattainedtremendousheightsofcreativeintelligenceandachievement,disintegratedunderthepressureoffear.Today,too,ifIhavereadthesignscorrectlyintravelingaroundtheworld,thereisgreatfear.Thereisfearthatthehumanracehasexhausteditsmarginforerrorandthatweareslidingintoanothergreatconflictthatwillcanceloutthousandsofyearsofhumanprogress.Andpeoplearefearfulbecausetheydon』twanttolosethethingsthataremoreimportantthanpeaceitself—moral,democratic,andspiritualvalues.
Theproblemconfrontingustodayisfarmoreseriousthanthedestinyofanypoliticalsystemorevenofanynation.Theproblemisthedestinyofman:first,whetherwecanmakethisplanetsafeforman;second,whetherwecanmakeitfitforhim.ThisIbelieve—thatmantodayhasalltheresourcestoshatterhisfearsandgoontothegreatestgoldenageinhistory,anagewhichwillprovidetheconditionsforhumangrowthandforthedevelopmentofthegoodthatresideswithinman,whetherinhisindividualorhiscollectivebeing.Andhehasonlytomobilizehisrationalintelligenceandhisconsciencetoputtheseresourcestowork.
自從能夠看懂哲學書開始,有關人性的討論就激起了我濃厚的興趣。人性是善還是惡,是利他還是利己,是合作還是競爭,是群居還是以自我為中心,是相信自由意志還是相信宿命,這些是哲學家們多少年來一直爭論不休的話題。
人類一直對自身感到困惑,這可以追溯到柏拉圖與蘇格拉底的對話,甚至更早時期。人類知道自己擁有做出偉大而高尚的事情的能力,然而卻又被犯下大罪的證據所壓迫。
因此,他困惑不已。對於這種矛盾是否能夠解決,我並不敢斷言。然而,事實上,人們沒有必要非要化解這種矛盾。人是兩面性的動物,因此,我認為爭論人性善或惡、意志自由或宿命,以及其他一切矛盾都是徒勞無益的。人既有善良的一面,也有邪惡的一面;既有利他的一面,也有利己的一面。人們享受著能夠在生活中作出決定的自由意志,然而卻無法改變與生俱來的基因、親屬或體征。與其思索哪一方面主導著人性,還不如思索人之所以善良或邪惡的矛盾和環境,從而讓人成為人類群體中具有高尚品質和責任感的人。近期訪問次大陸期間,我在印度聽到了一些事情,它們在自由意志和宿命論方面的價值是值得一提的。當地人告訴我,自由意志和宿命論就像玩紙牌遊戲,宿命論就是發牌的手,而自由意志就是打牌的方式。
而今,這一切把我們帶到了什麼地方?我認為,那些能夠培養人類最優秀品質的環境,是我們應該努力去創造和保護的。例如,我們知道恐懼感和無法克服恐懼的意識能夠導致人性產生最邪惡的東西;我們同樣知道,個人的真實狀況經過放大就會成為社會的真實狀況。如今,世界各地的人仍然遭受著恐懼因素的影響。恐懼瓦解了希臘文明,然而在兩千三百多年前,它創造性的智慧和成就已經達到了非凡的高度。同樣,如果我在環球旅行時的所見不虛的話,人類正在滑向一場大戰,這場戰爭將會把人類數千年取得的進步毀於一旦,這是由人類犯錯底線被突破而導致的恐懼所引起的。這是因為,對於人類而言,道德、民主和精神比和平更重要。
人類的命運是我們今天所面臨的問題,這比任何政治體制和任何民族的命運更為重要。首先,我們是否能夠把地球建成人類的安全之所;其次,我們是否能夠把地球建成適宜人類居住的地方。我相信,對於消除恐懼並走向歷史上最偉大的黃金時代,人類擁有各種各樣的辦法。不管人是作為個體還是人類群體的一員,這個時代都將會為人類的進步和善良本性的形成提供條件。然後,人類只需要理性地調動智慧和良知,就可以運用這些辦法了。
1.AsfarbackastheSocraticdialogues_______Plato,andevenbeforethat,man________beenbaffledabout_______.Heknowsheiscapableofgreatand_______deeds,butthenheisoppressedwiththe_______ofgreatwrongdoing.
2.It_______tomethatweoughttoattempttobring_______andsafeguardthoseconditionsthattendto_______thebestinman.Weknow,forexample,thattheexistenceof_______andman』sinabilitytocope_______fearbringabouttheworstinhim.Weknowthat_______istrueofmanonasmallscalecanbe_______ofsocietyonalargescale.
1.我認為,那些能夠培養人類最優秀品質的環境,是我們應該努力去創造和保護的。
2.我們知道恐懼感和無法克服恐懼的意識能夠導致人性產生最邪惡的東西。
3.我們同樣知道,個人的真實狀況經過放大就會成為社會的真實狀況。
1.Becapableofworkingunderpressure
becapableof:有能力;有能力做……
2.Iwasstilloppressedwithanawfulforebodingofevil.
beoppressedwith:被壓迫