HowtoGrowOld
伯特蘭·羅素/BertrandRussell
Psychologicallytherearetwodangerstobeguardedagainstinoldage.Oneoftheseisundueabsorptioninthepast.Itdoesnotdotoliveinmemories,inregretsforthegoodolddays,orinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.One』sthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefuture,andtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.Thisisnotalwayseasy;one』sownpastisagraduallyincreasingweight.Itiseasytothinktooneselfthatone』semotionsusedtobemorevividthantheyare,andone』smindmorekeener.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgotten,andifitisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue.
Theotherthingtobeavoidedisclingingtoyouthinthehopeofsuckingvigourfromitsvitality.Whenyourchildrenaregrownuptheywanttolivetheirownlives,andifyoucontinuetobeasinterestedinthemasyouwerewhentheywereyoung,youarelikelytobecomeaburdentothem,unlesstheyareunusuallycallous.
Idonotmeanthatoneshouldbewithoutinterestinthem,butone』sinterestshouldbecontemplativeand,ifpossible,philanthropic,butnotundulyemotional.Animalsbecomeindifferenttotheiryoungassoonastheiryoungcanlookafterthemselves,buthumanbeings,owingtothelengthofinfancy,findthisdifficult.
Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsinvolvingappropriateactivities.Itisinthisspherethatlongexperienceisreallyfruitful,anditisinthisspherethatthewisdombornofexperiencecanbeexercisedwithoutbeingoppressive.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakes,bothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyou,andbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterests,youmayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyourchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillrenderthemmaterialservices,suchasmakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpers,youmustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany.
Someoldpeopleareoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohavereasontofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrows,andhasachievedwhateverworkitwasinhimtodo,thefearofdeathissomewhatabjectandignoble.
Thebestwaytoovercomeit—soatleastitseemstome—istomakeyourinterestsgraduallywiderandmoreimpersonal,untilbitbybittheuniversallife.Anindividualhumanexistenceshouldbelikeariversmallatfirst,narrowlycontainedwithinitsbanks,andrushingpassionatelypastrocksandoverwaterfalls.Graduallytherivergrowswider,thebanksrecede,thewatersflowmorequietly,andintheend,withoutanyvisiblebreak,theybecomemergedinthesea,andpainlesslylosetheirindividualbeing.Themanwho,inoldage,canseehislifeinthisway,willnotsufferfromthefearofdeath,sincethethingshecaresforwillcontinue.Andif,withthedecayofvitality,wearinessincreases,thethoughtofrestwillnotbeunwelcome.Ishouldwishtodiewhilestillatwork,knowingthatotherswillcarryonwhatIcannolongerdoandcontentinthethoughtthatwhatwaspossiblehasbeendone.
從心理學上來講,在老年時期要防止這樣兩種危險。第一是過分沉湎於過去。生活在過去之中,為流逝的好時光而後悔,或因朋友作古而痛苦,這些都是沒有什麼用處的。人的思想應該朝著未來,朝著還可以有所作為的方面。這並不是容易做到的,因為一個人的過去是一份不斷加重的負擔。老年人很容易認為過去的情感比現在鮮活生動,過去的思想比現在敏銳。如果事情真是這樣,就不要想它了,不想這件事,就不會覺得自己真的老了。
另外一件要避免的事情是過於依附年輕人,渴望從他們的活力中汲取力量。當你的孩子們已經長大,他們就要過屬於自己的生活,如果你還是像小時候那樣對他們關心備至,就可能成為他們的負擔,除非他們感情麻木。
我並不是說應該對他們不聞不問,而是說你所給予的關心應是理性的、慷慨的(如果可能的話),而不是過於感情用事。動物在自己的後代能夠生活自理時,就不再給予照顧,可是人類,對子女的愛經常停留在孩子的幼年時期,很難做到這一點。
我覺得一個人能做到對合適的活動興趣盎然,不理會自己的個人得失,那麼,他就很容易享有成功的晚年,因為長期以來積累的經驗在此可以結出纍纍碩果,而通過經驗產生的智慧在這個時候既有用武之地,又不至於咄咄逼人。讓已經長大成人的孩子不要犯錯誤是沒有用處的,因為他們不會信任你,也因為犯錯誤是接受教育的不可缺少的一環。如果你做不到不計個人得失,那麼,不將你的心放在兒孫後輩身上,你便會覺得生活空虛無聊。如果是這樣,你必須知道:儘管你還能給他們物質上的幫助,諸如給點兒補貼或織幾件毛衣,但千萬不要指望他們會喜歡跟你在一起。
有些老人被死亡的恐懼所困擾。假如年輕人有這種恐懼,那是沒有什麼可說的。年輕人有理由害怕戰死在戰場上;當他們想到被騙走了生命所能賦予的美好生活時,他們有理由表示不滿。但對於一個嘗盡人間疾苦,已經完成該做的一切的老年人來講,怕死就有點兒不大好了。
克服這種恐懼的最好辦法是——至少在我看來是這樣的——使你的愛好逐漸擴大,越來越超出個人的範圍,一點一點地融入周圍人的生活中。你的生命將越來越和人類的生命融合在一起。一個人的一生應該像一條河——開始水流很小,被兩岸緊緊地束縛著,激烈地衝過岩石和瀑布,漸漸地它變寬了,兩岸退卻了,河水靜靜地流著,最後,看不見任何停留,就和大海匯合在一起,毫無痛苦地失去它自身的存在。一個在老年能這樣對待生活的人,將不會感到死亡的恐懼,因為他所關心的事物將繼續下去。假如由於生命力的減退,倦意日增,那麼產生安息的想法未必不是一件好事。我希望我能死於工作之時,並且在我快死的時候,知道別人將繼續做我不能再做的工作,我便能為自己已完成力所能及的一切而心滿意足。
1.Whenyourchildrenaregrown________theywanttolivetheirownlives,and______ifyoucontinuetobeasinterestedin________asyouwerewhentheywereyoung,youarelikelytobecomeaburden________them,unlesstheyareunusuallycallous.
2.Someold________areoppressedbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthere________ajustificationforthisfeeling.Youngmenwhohave________tofearthattheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthe________thattheyhavebeencheatedofthe________thingsthatlifehastooffer.
1.人的思想應該朝著未來,朝著還可以有所作為的方面。
2.但對於一個嘗盡人間疾苦,已經完成該做的一切的老年人來講,怕死就有點兒不大好了。
3.最後,看不見任何停留,就和大海匯合在一起,毫無痛苦地失去它自身的存在。
1.Theotherthingtobeavoidedisclingingtoyouthinthehopeofsuckingvigourfromitsvitality.
clingto:挨著;緊抓;保留
2.Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterests
beincapableof:不能……的