OfStudies
弗朗西斯·培根/FrancisBacon
Studiesservefordelight,forornament,andforability.Theirchiefusefordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isindiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionofbusiness.Forexpertmencanexecute,andperhapsjudgeofparticulars,onebyone;butthegeneralcounsels,andtheplotsandmarshallingofaffairs,comebestfromthosethatarelearned.Tospendtoomuchtimeinstudiesissloth;tousethemtoomuchforornament,isaffectation;tomakejudgmentwhollybytheirrules,isthehumorofascholar.Theyperfectnature,andareperfectedbyexperience:fornaturalabilitiesarelikenaturalplants,thatneedpruningbystudy;andstudiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.Craftymencontemnstudies,simplemenadmirethem,andwisemenusethem;fortheyteachnottheirownuse;butthatisawisdomwithoutthem,andabovethem,wonbyobservation.Readnottocontradictandconfute;nortobelieveandtakeforgranted;nortofindtalkanddiscourse;buttoweighandconsider.Somebooksaretobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobechewedanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention.Somebooksalsomaybereadbydeputy,andextractsmadeofthembyothers;butthatwouldbeonlyinthelessimportantarguments,andthemeanersortofbooks;elsedistilledbooksarelikecommondistilledwaters,flashythings.
Readingmakethafullman;conferenceareadyman;andwritinganexactman.Andtherefore,ifamanwritelittle,hehadneedhaveagreatmemory;ifheconferlittle,hehadneedhaveapresentwit;andifhereadlittle,hehadneedhavemuchcunning,toseemtoknowthathedothnot.Historiesmakemenwise;poetswitty;themathematicssubtle;naturalphilosophydeep;moralgrave;logicandrhetoricabletocontend.Abeuntstudiainmorse.Naythereisnostandorimpedimentinthewit,butmaybewroughtoutbyfitstudies:likeasdiseasesofthebodymayhaveappropriateexercises.Bowlingisgoodforthestoneandreins;shootingforthelungsandbreast;gentlewalkingforthestomach;ridingforthehead;andthelike.Soifaman』switbewandering,lethimstudythemathematics;forindemonstrations,ifhiswitbecalledawayneversolittle,hemustbeginagain.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen;fortheyarecyminisectores.Ifhebenotapttobeatovermatters,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrateanother,lethimstudythelawyers』cases.Soeverydefectofthemindmayhaveaspecialreceipt.
讀書可以怡情，可以博采，可以增智。讀書的主要用途，就怡情而言，體現在獨處幽居的時候；就博采而言，體現在交談的時候；就增智而言，體現在判斷處理事物的時候。專家學者能有條不紊地處理事情，辨析事物的微妙之處；而深思好學者能統籌策劃，全盤考慮大小事務的計劃安排。讀書耗時過多是懶散；文采太過浮躁華麗是矯情；完全循規蹈矩則是學究怪僻。讀書可以使人的性格趨於完美，而親自體驗則能補充完善書本知識：因為自身的資質猶如自然生長的植物，需要借助書本知識得以修整。要想把這種修整做得盡善盡美，就必須把書本知識與實踐相結合。
手藝人鄙視讀書，無知的人羨慕讀書，明智的人學以致用。因為書本不會教人如何運用，學以致用的智慧不在書中，而在其外，全憑經歷體驗才能獲得。不要為了吹毛求疵而讀書；不要盡信書中所言；不要只是從書中摘文引句，而應該思量斟酌。有些書淺嘗即可，有些書吞食即可，只有少數的書需要細嚼慢咽地消化掉。也就是說，有些書只需摘選其部分內容來讀，有些書只需粗略瀏覽，只有少數的書必須仔細認真地閱讀。有些書可以請人代讀，並取其所做的摘要，但只有那些題材不太重要或價值不高的書籍才適合這樣做，否則從這類書中提煉的內容就像蒸餾水一樣，寡淡無味。
閱讀使人充實，交談使人敏捷，寫作使人嚴謹。因此，很少寫作的人必須有很好的記性，很少與人交談的人必須天生靈敏，讀書不多的人必須非常狡猾，沒有知識也要看起來像有知識一樣。歷史使人明智，詩歌使人聰穎，數學使人精細，自然科學使人深沉，倫理學使人莊重，邏輯和修辭學教人雄辯。讀書可以陶冶性情，正如運動可以治療生理疾病一樣，適宜的讀書可以治療心理上的弊病。打保齡球有益於睪腎，射箭有益於胸肺，慢走有益於腸胃，騎馬有益於大腦，如此等等。倘若是精神不集中的人，就讓他學數學，因為在演算時稍一走神，就得重做；倘若是不善辨別異同的人，就讓他學經院哲學，因為那些哲學家都喜歡條分縷析；倘若是不善洞察事物、不善於推理的人，就讓他研究律師的案卷。所以，智力上的種種瑕疵都有專門的處方來彌補。
記憶填空
1.Studiesservefor,forornament,andforability.Theirchieffordelight,isinprivatenessandretiring;forornament,isdiscourse;andforability,isinthejudgmentanddispositionof.
2.Somearetobetasted,otherstobeswallowed,andsomefewtobeanddigested;thatis,somebooksaretobeonlyinparts;otherstoberead,butnotcuriously;andsomefewtoberead,andwithdiligenceandattention.
3.Ifhebenotapttobeatover,andtocalluponethingtoproveandillustrate,lethimstudythelawyers』cases.Soeverydefectofthemayhaveaspecialreceipt.
佳句翻譯
1.讀書可以怡情，可以博采，可以增智。
2.有些書淺嘗即可，有些書吞食即可，只有少數的書需要細嚼慢咽地消化掉。
3.閱讀使人充實，交談使人敏捷，寫作使人嚴謹。
短語應用
1studiesthemselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinbyexperience.
giveforth：發表；發出
2.Ifhiswitbenotapttodistinguishorfinddifferences,lethimstudytheschoolmen.
beaptto：傾向於