I wish to abstain from instituting any comparison, or drawing
any parallel whatever, between the social features of the United States and
those of the British Possessions in Canada. For this reason, I shall confine
myself to a very brief account of our journeyings in the latter territory.
But before I leave Niagara, I must advert to one disgusting circumstance
which can hardly have escaped the observation of any decent traveller who has
visited the Falls.
On Table Rock, there is a cottage belonging to a Guide, where little relics
of the place are sold, and where visitors register their names in a book kept
for the purpose. On the wall of the room in which a great many of these volumes
are preserved, the following request is posted: 'Visitors will please not copy
nor extract the remarks and poetical effusions from the registers and albums
kept here.'
But for this intimation, I should have let them lie upon the tables on which
they were strewn with careful negligence, like books in a drawing-room: being
quite satisfied with the stupendous silliness of certain stanzas with an
anti-climax at the end of each, which were framed and hung up on the wall.
Curious, however, after reading this announcement, to see what kind of morsels
were so carefully preserved, I turned a few leaves, and found them scrawled all
over with the vilest and the filthiest ribaldry that ever human hogs delighted
in.
It is humiliating enough to know that there are among men brutes so obscene
and worthless, that they can delight in laying their miserable profanations upon
the very steps of Nature's greatest altar. But that these should be hoarded up
for the delight of their fellow-swine, and kept in a public place where any eyes
may see them, is a disgrace to the English language in which they are written
(though I hope few of these entries have been made by Englishmen), and a
reproach to the English side, on which they are preserved.
The quarters of our soldiers at Niagara, are finely and airily situated. Some
of them are large detached houses on the plain above the Falls, which were
originally designed for hotels; and in the evening time, when the women and
children were leaning over the balconies watching the men as they played at ball
and other games upon the grass before the door, they often presented a little
picture of cheerfulness and animation which made it quite a pleasure to pass
that way.
At any garrisoned point where the line of demarcation between one country and
another is so very narrow as at Niagara, desertion from the ranks can scarcely
fail to be of frequent occurrence: and it may be reasonably supposed that when
the soldiers entertain the wildest and maddest hopes of the fortune and
independence that await them on the other side, the impulse to play traitor,
which such a place suggests to dishonest minds, is not weakened. But it very
rarely happens that the men who do desert, are happy or contented afterwards;
and many instances have been known in which they have confessed their grievous
disappointment, and their earnest desire to return to their old service if they
could but be assured of pardon, or lenient treatment. Many of their comrades,
notwithstanding, do the like, from time to time; and instances of loss of life
in the effort to cross the river with this object, are far from being uncommon.
Several men were drowned in the attempt to swim across, not long ago; and one,
who had the madness to trust himself upon a table as a raft, was swept down to
the whirlpool, where his mangled body eddied round and round some days.
I am inclined to think that the noise of the Falls is very much exaggerated;
and this will appear the more probable when the depth of the great basin in
which the water is received, is taken into account. At no time during our stay
there, was the wind at all high or boisterous, but we never heard them, three
miles off, even at the very quiet time of sunset, though we often tried.
Queenston, at which place the steamboats start for Toronto (or I should
rather say at which place they call, for their wharf is at Lewiston, on the
opposite shore), is situated in a delicious valley, through which the Niagara
river, in colour a very deep green, pursues its course. It is approached by a
road that takes its winding way among the heights by which the town is
sheltered; and seen from this point is extremely beautiful and picturesque. On
the most conspicuous of these heights stood a monument erected by the Provincial
Legislature in memory of General Brock, who was slain in a battle with the
American forces, after having won the victory. Some vagabond, supposed to be a
fellow of the name of Lett, who is now, or who lately was, in prison as a felon,
blew up this monument two years ago, and it is now a melancholy ruin, with a
long fragment of iron railing hanging dejectedly from its top, and waving to and
fro like a wild ivy branch or broken vine stem. It is of much higher importance
than it may seem, that this statue should be repaired at the public cost, as it
ought to have been long ago. Firstly, because it is beneath the dignity of
England to allow a memorial raised in honour of one of her defenders, to remain
in this condition, on the very spot where he died. Secondly, because the sight
of it in its present state, and the recollection of the unpunished outrage which
brought it to this pass, is not very likely to soothe down border feelings among
English subjects here, or compose their border quarrels and dislikes.
I was standing on the wharf at this place, watching the passengers embarking
in a steamboat which preceded that whose coming we awaited, and participating in
the anxiety with which a sergeant's wife was collecting her few goods together -
keeping one distracted eye hard upon the porters, who were hurrying them on
board, and the other on a hoopless washing-tub for which, as being the most
utterly worthless of all her movables, she seemed to entertain particular
affection - when three or four soldiers with a recruit came up and went on
board.
The recruit was a likely young fellow enough, strongly built and well made,
but by no means sober: indeed he had all the air of a man who had been more or
less drunk for some days. He carried a small bundle over his shoulder, slung at
the end of a walking- stick, and had a short pipe in his mouth. He was as dusty
and dirty as recruits usually are, and his shoes betokened that he had travelled
on foot some distance, but he was in a very jocose state, and shook hands with
this soldier, and clapped that one on the back, and talked and laughed
continually, like a roaring idle dog as he was.
The soldiers rather laughed at this blade than with him: seeming to say, as
they stood straightening their canes in their hands, and looking coolly at him
over their glazed stocks, 'Go on, my boy, while you may! you'll know better
by-and-by:' when suddenly the novice, who had been backing towards the gangway
in his noisy merriment, fell overboard before their eyes, and splashed heavily
down into the river between the vessel and the dock.
I never saw such a good thing as the change that came over these soldiers in
an instant. Almost before the man was down, their professional manner, their
stiffness and constraint, were gone, and they were filled with the most violent
energy. In less time than is required to tell it, they had him out again, feet
first, with the tails of his coat flapping over his eyes, everything about him
hanging the wrong way, and the water streaming off at every thread in his
threadbare dress. But the moment they set him upright and found that he was none
the worse, they were soldiers again, looking over their glazed stocks more
composedly than ever.
The half-sobered recruit glanced round for a moment, as if his first impulse
were to express some gratitude for his preservation, but seeing them with this
air of total unconcern, and having his wet pipe presented to him with an oath by
the soldier who had been by far the most anxious of the party, he stuck it in
his mouth, thrust his hands into his moist pockets, and without even shaking the
water off his clothes, walked on board whistling; not to say as if nothing had
happened, but as if he had meant to do it, and it had been a perfect success.
Our steamboat came up directly this had left the wharf, and soon bore us to
the mouth of the Niagara; where the stars and stripes of America flutter on one
side and the Union Jack of England on the other: and so narrow is the space
between them that the sentinels in either fort can often hear the watchword of
the other country given. Thence we emerged on Lake Ontario, an inland sea; and
by half-past six o'clock were at Toronto.
The country round this town being very flat, is bare of scenic interest; but
the town itself is full of life and motion, bustle, business, and improvement.
The streets are well paved, and lighted with gas; the houses are large and good;
the shops excellent. Many of them have a display of goods in their windows, such
as may be seen in thriving county towns in England; and there are some which
would do no discredit to the metropolis itself. There is a good stone prison
here; and there are, besides, a handsome church, a court-house, public offices,
many commodious private residences, and a government observatory for noting and
recording the magnetic variations. In the College of Upper Canada, which is one
of the public establishments of the city, a sound education in every department
of polite learning can be had, at a very moderate expense: the annual charge for
the instruction of each pupil, not exceeding nine pounds sterling. It has pretty
good endowments in the way of land, and is a valuable and useful institution.
The first stone of a new college had been laid but a few days before, by the
Governor General. It will be a handsome, spacious edifice, approached by a long
avenue, which is already planted and made available as a public walk. The town
is well adapted for wholesome exercise at all seasons, for the footways in the
thoroughfares which lie beyond the principal street, are planked like floors,
and kept in very good and clean repair.
It is a matter of deep regret that political differences should have run high
in this place, and led to most discreditable and disgraceful results. It is not
long since guns were discharged from a window in this town at the successful
candidates in an election, and the coachman of one of them was actually shot in
the body, though not dangerously wounded. But one man was killed on the same
occasion; and from the very window whence he received his death, the very flag
which shielded his murderer (not only in the commission of his crime, but from
its consequences), was displayed again on the occasion of the public ceremony
performed by the Governor General, to which I have just adverted. Of all the
colours in the rainbow, there is but one which could be so employed: I need not
say that flag was orange.
The time of leaving Toronto for Kingston is noon. By eight o'clock next
morning, the traveller is at the end of his journey, which is performed by
steamboat upon Lake Ontario, calling at Port Hope and Coburg, the latter a
cheerful, thriving little town. Vast quantities of flour form the chief item in
the freight of these vessels. We had no fewer than one thousand and eighty
barrels on board, between Coburg and Kingston.
The latter place, which is now the seat of government in Canada, is a very
poor town, rendered still poorer in the appearance of its market-place by the
ravages of a recent fire. Indeed, it may be said of Kingston, that one half of
it appears to be burnt down, and the other half not to be built up. The
Government House is neither elegant nor commodious, yet it is almost the only
house of any importance in the neighbourhood.
There is an admirable jail here, well and wisely governed, and excellently
regulated, in every respect. The men were employed as shoemakers, ropemakers,
blacksmiths, tailors, carpenters, and stonecutters; and in building a new
prison, which was pretty far advanced towards completion. The female prisoners
were occupied in needlework. Among them was a beautiful girl of twenty, who had
been there nearly three years. She acted as bearer of secret despatches for the
self-styled Patriots on Navy Island, during the Canadian Insurrection: sometimes
dressing as a girl, and carrying them in her stays; sometimes attiring herself
as a boy, and secreting them in the lining of her hat. In the latter character
she always rode as a boy would, which was nothing to her, for she could govern
any horse that any man could ride, and could drive four-in-hand with the best
whip in those parts. Setting forth on one of her patriotic missions, she
appropriated to herself the first horse she could lay her hands on; and this
offence had brought her where I saw her. She had quite a lovely face, though, as
the reader may suppose from this sketch of her history, there was a lurking
devil in her bright eye, which looked out pretty sharply from between her prison
bars.
There is a bomb-proof fort here of great strength, which occupies a bold
position, and is capable, doubtless, of doing good service; though the town is
much too close upon the frontier to be long held, I should imagine, for its
present purpose in troubled times. There is also a small navy-yard, where a
couple of Government steamboats were building, and getting on vigorously.
We left Kingston for Montreal on the tenth of May, at half-past nine in the
morning, and proceeded in a steamboat down the St. Lawrence river. The beauty of
this noble stream at almost any point, but especially in the commencement of
this journey when it winds its way among the thousand Islands, can hardly be
imagined. The number and constant successions of these islands, all green and
richly wooded; their fluctuating sizes, some so large that for half an hour
together one among them will appear as the opposite bank of the river, and some
so small that they are mere dimples on its broad bosom; their infinite variety
of shapes; and the numberless combinations of beautiful forms which the trees
growing on them present: all form a picture fraught with uncommon interest and
pleasure.
In the afternoon we shot down some rapids where the river boiled and bubbled
strangely, and where the force and headlong violence of the current were
tremendous. At seven o'clock we reached Dickenson's Landing, whence travellers
proceed for two or three hours by stage-coach: the navigation of the river being
rendered so dangerous and difficult in the interval, by rapids, that steamboats
do not make the passage. The number and length of those PORTAGES, over which the
roads are bad, and the travelling slow, render the way between the towns of
Montreal and Kingston, somewhat tedious.
Our course lay over a wide, uninclosed tract of country at a little distance
from the river-side, whence the bright warning lights on the dangerous parts of
the St. Lawrence shone vividly. The night was dark and raw, and the way dreary
enough. It was nearly ten o'clock when we reached the wharf where the next
steamboat lay; and went on board, and to bed.
She lay there all night, and started as soon as it was day. The morning was
ushered in by a violent thunderstorm, and was very wet, but gradually improved
and brightened up. Going on deck after breakfast, I was amazed to see floating
down with the stream, a most gigantic raft, with some thirty or forty wooden
houses upon it, and at least as many flag-masts, so that it looked like a
nautical street. I saw many of these rafts afterwards, but never one so large.
All the timber, or 'lumber,' as it is called in America, which is brought down
the St. Lawrence, is floated down in this manner. When the raft reaches its
place of destination, it is broken up; the materials are sold; and the boatmen
return for more.
At eight we landed again, and travelled by a stage-coach for four hours
through a pleasant and well-cultivated country, perfectly French in every
respect: in the appearance of the cottages; the air, language, and dress of the
peasantry; the sign-boards on the shops and taverns: and the Virgin's shrines,
and crosses, by the wayside. Nearly every common labourer and boy, though he had
no shoes to his feet, wore round his waist a sash of some bright colour:
generally red: and the women, who were working in the fields and gardens, and
doing all kinds of husbandry, wore, one and all, great flat straw hats with most
capacious brims. There were Catholic Priests and Sisters of Charity in the
village streets; and images of the Saviour at the corners of cross-roads, and in
other public places.
At noon we went on board another steamboat, and reached the village of
Lachine, nine miles from Montreal, by three o'clock. There, we left the river,
and went on by land.
Montreal is pleasantly situated on the margin of the St. Lawrence, and is
backed by some bold heights, about which there are charming rides and drives.
The streets are generally narrow and irregular, as in most French towns of any
age; but in the more modern parts of the city, they are wide and airy. They
display a great variety of very good shops; and both in the town and suburbs
there are many excellent private dwellings. The granite quays are remarkable for
their beauty, solidity, and extent.
There is a very large Catholic cathedral here, recently erected with two tall
spires, of which one is yet unfinished. In the open space in front of this
edifice, stands a solitary, grim-looking, square brick tower, which has a quaint
and remarkable appearance, and which the wiseacres of the place have
consequently determined to pull down immediately. The Government House is very
superior to that at Kingston, and the town is full of life and bustle. In one of
the suburbs is a plank road - not footpath - five or six miles long, and a
famous road it is too. All the rides in the vicinity were made doubly
interesting by the bursting out of spring, which is here so rapid, that it is
but a day's leap from barren winter, to the blooming youth of summer.
The steamboats to Quebec perform the journey in the night; that is to say,
they leave Montreal at six in the evening, and arrive at Quebec at six next
morning. We made this excursion during our stay in Montreal (which exceeded a
fortnight), and were charmed by its interest and beauty.
The impression made upon the visitor by this Gibraltar of America: its giddy
heights; its citadel suspended, as it were, in the air; its picturesque steep
streets and frowning gateways; and the splendid views which burst upon the eye
at every turn: is at once unique and lasting.
It is a place not to be forgotten or mixed up in the mind with other places,
or altered for a moment in the crowd of scenes a traveller can recall. Apart
from the realities of this most picturesque city, there are associations
clustering about it which would make a desert rich in interest. The dangerous
precipice along whose rocky front, Wolfe and his brave companions climbed to
glory; the Plains of Abraham, where he received his mortal wound; the fortress
so chivalrously defended by Montcalm; and his soldier's grave, dug for him while
yet alive, by the bursting of a shell; are not the least among them, or among
the gallant incidents of history. That is a noble Monument too, and worthy of
two great nations, which perpetuates the memory of both brave generals, and on
which their names are jointly written.
The city is rich in public institutions and in Catholic churches and
charities, but it is mainly in the prospect from the site of the Old Government
House, and from the Citadel, that its surpassing beauty lies. The exquisite
expanse of country, rich in field and forest, mountain-height and water, which
lies stretched out before the view, with miles of Canadian villages, glancing in
long white streaks, like veins along the landscape; the motley crowd of gables,
roofs, and chimney tops in the old hilly town immediately at hand; the beautiful
St. Lawrence sparkling and flashing in the sunlight; and the tiny ships below
the rock from which you gaze, whose distant rigging looks like spiders' webs
against the light, while casks and barrels on their decks dwindle into toys, and
busy mariners become so many puppets; all this, framed by a sunken window in the
fortress and looked at from the shadowed room within, forms one of the brightest
and most enchanting pictures that the eye can rest upon.
In the spring of the year, vast numbers of emigrants who have newly arrived
from England or from Ireland, pass between Quebec and Montreal on their way to
the backwoods and new settlements of Canada. If it be an entertaining lounge (as
I very often found it) to take a morning stroll upon the quay at Montreal, and
see them grouped in hundreds on the public wharfs about their chests and boxes,
it is matter of deep interest to be their fellow-passenger on one of these
steamboats, and mingling with the concourse, see and hear them unobserved.
The vessel in which we returned from Quebec to Montreal was crowded with
them, and at night they spread their beds between decks (those who had beds, at
least), and slept so close and thick about our cabin door, that the passage to
and fro was quite blocked up. They were nearly all English; from Gloucestershire
the greater part; and had had a long winter-passage out; but it was wonderful to
see how clean the children had been kept, and how untiring in their love and
self-denial all the poor parents were.
Cant as we may, and as we shall to the end of all things, it is very much
harder for the poor to be virtuous than it is for the rich; and the good that is
in them, shines the brighter for it. In many a noble mansion lives a man, the
best of husbands and of fathers, whose private worth in both capacities is
justly lauded to the skies. But bring him here, upon this crowded deck. Strip
from his fair young wife her silken dress and jewels, unbind her braided hair,
stamp early wrinkles on her brow, pinch her pale cheek with care and much
privation, array her faded form in coarsely patched attire, let there be nothing
but his love to set her forth or deck her out, and you shall put it to the proof
indeed. So change his station in the world, that he shall see in those young
things who climb about his knee: not records of his wealth and name: but little
wrestlers with him for his daily bread; so many poachers on his scanty meal; so
many units to divide his every sum of comfort, and farther to reduce its small
amount. In lieu of the endearments of childhood in its sweetest aspect, heap
upon him all its pains and wants, its sicknesses and ills, its fretfulness,
caprice, and querulous endurance: let its prattle be, not of engaging infant
fancies, but of cold, and thirst, and hunger: and if his fatherly affection
outlive all this, and he be patient, watchful, tender; careful of his children's
lives, and mindful always of their joys and sorrows; then send him back to
Parliament, and Pulpit, and to Quarter Sessions, and when he hears fine talk of
the depravity of those who live from hand to mouth, and labour hard to do it,
let him speak up, as one who knows, and tell those holders forth that they, by
parallel with such a class, should be High Angels in their daily lives, and lay
but humble siege to Heaven at last.
Which of us shall say what he would be, if such realities, with small relief
or change all through his days, were his! Looking round upon these people: far
from home, houseless, indigent, wandering, weary with travel and hard living:
and seeing how patiently they nursed and tended their young children: how they
consulted ever their wants first, then half supplied their own; what gentle
ministers of hope and faith the women were; how the men profited by their
example; and how very, very seldom even a moment's petulance or harsh complaint
broke out among them: I felt a stronger love and honour of my kind come glowing
on my heart, and wished to God there had been many Atheists in the better part
of human nature there, to read this simple lesson in the book of Life.
* * * * * *
We left Montreal for New York again, on the thirtieth of May, crossing to La
Prairie, on the opposite shore of the St. Lawrence, in a steamboat; we then took
the railroad to St. John's, which is on the brink of Lake Champlain. Our last
greeting in Canada was from the English officers in the pleasant barracks at
that place (a class of gentlemen who had made every hour of our visit memorable
by their hospitality and friendship); and with 'Rule Britannia' sounding in our
ears, soon left it far behind.
But Canada has held, and always will retain, a foremost place in my
remembrance. Few Englishmen are prepared to find it what it is. Advancing
quietly; old differences settling down, and being fast forgotten; public feeling
and private enterprise alike in a sound and wholesome state; nothing of flush or
fever in its system, but health and vigour throbbing in its steady pulse: it is
full of hope and promise. To me - who had been accustomed to think of it as
something left behind in the strides of advancing society, as something
neglected and forgotten, slumbering and wasting in its sleep - the demand for
labour and the rates of wages; the busy quays of Montreal; the vessels taking in
their cargoes, and discharging them; the amount of shipping in the different
ports; the commerce, roads, and public works, all made TO LAST; the
respectability and character of the public journals; and the amount of rational
comfort and happiness which honest industry may earn: were very great surprises.
The steamboats on the lakes, in their conveniences, cleanliness, and safety; in
the gentlemanly character and bearing of their captains; and in the politeness
and perfect comfort of their social regulations; are unsurpassed even by the
famous Scotch vessels, deservedly so much esteemed at home. The inns are usually
bad; because the custom of boarding at hotels is not so general here as in the
States, and the British officers, who form a large portion of the society of
every town, live chiefly at the regimental messes: but in every other respect,
the traveller in Canada will find as good provision for his comfort as in any
place I know.
There is one American boat - the vessel which carried us on Lake Champlain,
from St. John's to Whitehall - which I praise very highly, but no more than it
deserves, when I say that it is superior even to that in which we went from
Queenston to Toronto, or to that in which we travelled from the latter place to
Kingston, or I have no doubt I may add to any other in the world. This
steamboat, which is called the Burlington, is a perfectly exquisite achievement
of neatness, elegance, and order. The decks are drawing-rooms; the cabins are
boudoirs, choicely furnished and adorned with prints, pictures, and musical
instruments; every nook and corner in the vessel is a perfect curiosity of
graceful comfort and beautiful contrivance. Captain Sherman, her commander, to
whose ingenuity and excellent taste these results are solely attributable, has
bravely and worthily distinguished himself on more than one trying occasion: not
least among them, in having the moral courage to carry British troops, at a time
(during the Canadian rebellion) when no other conveyance was open to them. He
and his vessel are held in universal respect, both by his own countrymen and
ours; and no man ever enjoyed the popular esteem, who, in his sphere of action,
won and wore it better than this gentleman.
By means of this floating palace we were soon in the United States again, and
called that evening at Burlington; a pretty town, where we lay an hour or so. We
reached Whitehall, where we were to disembark, at six next morning; and might
have done so earlier, but that these steamboats lie by for some hours in the
night, in consequence of the lake becoming very narrow at that part of the
journey, and difficult of navigation in the dark. Its width is so contracted at
one point, indeed, that they are obliged to warp round by means of a rope.
After breakfasting at Whitehall, we took the stage-coach for Albany: a large
and busy town, where we arrived between five and six o'clock that afternoon;
after a very hot day's journey, for we were now in the height of summer again.
At seven we started for New York on board a great North River steamboat, which
was so crowded with passengers that the upper deck was like the box lobby of a
theatre between the pieces, and the lower one like Tottenham Court Road on a
Saturday night. But we slept soundly, notwithstanding, and soon after five
o'clock next morning reached New York.
Tarrying here, only that day and night, to recruit after our late fatigues,
we started off once more upon our last journey in America. We had yet five days
to spare before embarking for England, and I had a great desire to see 'the
Shaker Village,' which is peopled by a religious sect from whom it takes its
name.
To this end, we went up the North River again, as far as the town of Hudson,
and there hired an extra to carry us to Lebanon, thirty miles distant: and of
course another and a different Lebanon from that village where I slept on the
night of the Prairie trip.
The country through which the road meandered, was rich and beautiful; the
weather very fine; and for many miles the Kaatskill mountains, where Rip Van
Winkle and the ghostly Dutchmen played at ninepins one memorable gusty
afternoon, towered in the blue distance, like stately clouds. At one point, as
we ascended a steep hill, athwart whose base a railroad, yet constructing, took
its course, we came upon an Irish colony. With means at hand of building decent
cabins, it was wonderful to see how clumsy, rough, and wretched, its hovels
were. The best were poor protection from the weather the worst let in the wind
and rain through wide breaches in the roofs of sodden grass, and in the walls of
mud; some had neither door nor window; some had nearly fallen down, and were
imperfectly propped up by stakes and poles; all were ruinous and filthy.
Hideously ugly old women and very buxom young ones, pigs, dogs, men, children,
babies, pots, kettles, dung-hills, vile refuse, rank straw, and standing water,
all wallowing together in an inseparable heap, composed the furniture of every
dark and dirty hut.
Between nine and ten o'clock at night, we arrived at Lebanon which is
renowned for its warm baths, and for a great hotel, well adapted, I have no
doubt, to the gregarious taste of those seekers after health or pleasure who
repair here, but inexpressibly comfortless to me. We were shown into an immense
apartment, lighted by two dim candles, called the drawing-room: from which there
was a descent by a flight of steps, to another vast desert, called the
dining-room: our bed-chambers were among certain long rows of little
white-washed cells, which opened from either side of a dreary passage; and were
so like rooms in a prison that I half expected to be locked up when I went to
bed, and listened involuntarily for the turning of the key on the outside. There
need be baths somewhere in the neighbourhood, for the other washing arrangements
were on as limited a scale as I ever saw, even in America: indeed, these
bedrooms were so very bare of even such common luxuries as chairs, that I should
say they were not provided with enough of anything, but that I bethink myself of
our having been most bountifully bitten all night.
The house is very pleasantly situated, however, and we had a good breakfast.
That done, we went to visit our place of destination, which was some two miles
off, and the way to which was soon indicated by a finger-post, whereon was
painted, 'To the Shaker Village.'
As we rode along, we passed a party of Shakers, who were at work upon the
road; who wore the broadest of all broad-brimmed hats; and were in all visible
respects such very wooden men, that I felt about as much sympathy for them, and
as much interest in them, as if they had been so many figure-heads of ships.
Presently we came to the beginning of the village, and alighting at the door of
a house where the Shaker manufactures are sold, and which is the headquarters of
the elders, requested permission to see the Shaker worship.
Pending the conveyance of this request to some person in authority, we walked
into a grim room, where several grim hats were hanging on grim pegs, and the
time was grimly told by a grim clock which uttered every tick with a kind of
struggle, as if it broke the grim silence reluctantly, and under protest. Ranged
against the wall were six or eight stiff, high-backed chairs, and they partook
so strongly of the general grimness that one would much rather have sat on the
floor than incurred the smallest obligation to any of them.
Presently, there stalked into this apartment, a grim old Shaker, with eyes as
hard, and dull, and cold, as the great round metal buttons on his coat and
waistcoat; a sort of calm goblin. Being informed of our desire, he produced a
newspaper wherein the body of elders, whereof he was a member, had advertised
but a few days before, that in consequence of certain unseemly interruptions
which their worship had received from strangers, their chapel was closed to the
public for the space of one year.
As nothing was to be urged in opposition to this reasonable arrangement, we
requested leave to make some trifling purchases of Shaker goods; which was
grimly conceded. We accordingly repaired to a store in the same house and on the
opposite side of the passage, where the stock was presided over by something
alive in a russet case, which the elder said was a woman; and which I suppose
WAS a woman, though I should not have suspected it.
On the opposite side of the road was their place of worship: a cool, clean
edifice of wood, with large windows and green blinds: like a spacious
summer-house. As there was no getting into this place, and nothing was to be
done but walk up and down, and look at it and the other buildings in the village
(which were chiefly of wood, painted a dark red like English barns, and composed
of many stories like English factories), I have nothing to communicate to the
reader, beyond the scanty results I gleaned the while our purchases were making,
These people are called Shakers from their peculiar form of adoration, which
consists of a dance, performed by the men and women of all ages, who arrange
themselves for that purpose in opposite parties: the men first divesting
themselves of their hats and coats, which they gravely hang against the wall
before they begin; and tying a ribbon round their shirt-sleeves, as though they
were going to be bled. They accompany themselves with a droning, humming noise,
and dance until they are quite exhausted, alternately advancing and retiring in
a preposterous sort of trot. The effect is said to be unspeakably absurd: and if
I may judge from a print of this ceremony which I have in my possession; and
which I am informed by those who have visited the chapel, is perfectly accurate;
it must be infinitely grotesque.
They are governed by a woman, and her rule is understood to be absolute,
though she has the assistance of a council of elders. She lives, it is said, in
strict seclusion, in certain rooms above the chapel, and is never shown to
profane eyes. If she at all resemble the lady who presided over the store, it is
a great charity to keep her as close as possible, and I cannot too strongly
express my perfect concurrence in this benevolent proceeding.
All the possessions and revenues of the settlement are thrown into a common
stock, which is managed by the elders. As they have made converts among people
who were well to do in the world, and are frugal and thrifty, it is understood
that this fund prospers: the more especially as they have made large purchases
of land. Nor is this at Lebanon the only Shaker settlement: there are, I think,
at least, three others.
They are good farmers, and all their produce is eagerly purchased and highly
esteemed. 'Shaker seeds,' 'Shaker herbs,' and 'Shaker distilled waters,' are
commonly announced for sale in the shops of towns and cities. They are good
breeders of cattle, and are kind and merciful to the brute creation.
Consequently, Shaker beasts seldom fail to find a ready market.
They eat and drink together, after the Spartan model, at a great public
table. There is no union of the sexes, and every Shaker, male and female, is
devoted to a life of celibacy. Rumour has been busy upon this theme, but here
again I must refer to the lady of the store, and say, that if many of the sister
Shakers resemble her, I treat all such slander as bearing on its face the
strongest marks of wild improbability. But that they take as proselytes, persons
so young that they cannot know their own minds, and cannot possess much strength
of resolution in this or any other respect, I can assert from my own observation
of the extreme juvenility of certain youthful Shakers whom I saw at work among
the party on the road.
They are said to be good drivers of bargains, but to be honest and just in
their transactions, and even in horse-dealing to resist those thievish
tendencies which would seem, for some undiscovered reason, to be almost
inseparable from that branch of traffic. In all matters they hold their own
course quietly, live in their gloomy, silent commonwealth, and show little
desire to interfere with other people.
This is well enough, but nevertheless I cannot, I confess, incline towards
the Shakers; view them with much favour, or extend towards them any very lenient
construction. I so abhor, and from my soul detest that bad spirit, no matter by
what class or sect it may be entertained, which would strip life of its
healthful graces, rob youth of its innocent pleasures, pluck from maturity and
age their pleasant ornaments, and make existence but a narrow path towards the
grave: that odious spirit which, if it could have had full scope and sway upon
the earth, must have blasted and made barren the imaginations of the greatest
men, and left them, in their power of raising up enduring images before their
fellow-creatures yet unborn, no better than the beasts: that, in these very
broad- brimmed hats and very sombre coats - in stiff-necked, solemn- visaged
piety, in short, no matter what its garb, whether it have cropped hair as in a
Shaker village, or long nails as in a Hindoo temple - I recognise the worst
among the enemies of Heaven and Earth, who turn the water at the marriage feasts
of this poor world, not into wine, but gall. And if there must be people vowed
to crush the harmless fancies and the love of innocent delights and gaieties,
which are a part of human nature: as much a part of it as any other love or hope
that is our common portion: let them, for me, stand openly revealed among the
ribald and licentious; the very idiots know that THEY are not on the Immortal
road, and will despise them, and avoid them readily.
Leaving the Shaker village with a hearty dislike of the old Shakers, and a
hearty pity for the young ones: tempered by the strong probability of their
running away as they grow older and wiser, which they not uncommonly do: we
returned to Lebanon, and so to Hudson, by the way we had come upon the previous
day. There, we took the steamboat down the North River towards New York, but
stopped, some four hours' journey short of it, at West Point, where we remained
that night, and all next day, and next night too.
In this beautiful place: the fairest among the fair and lovely Highlands of
the North River: shut in by deep green heights and ruined forts, and looking
down upon the distant town of Newburgh, along a glittering path of sunlit water,
with here and there a skiff, whose white sail often bends on some new tack as
sudden flaws of wind come down upon her from the gullies in the hills: hemmed
in, besides, all round with memories of Washington, and events of the
revolutionary war: is the Military School of America.
It could not stand on more appropriate ground, and any ground more beautiful
can hardly be. The course of education is severe, but well devised, and manly.
Through June, July, and August, the young men encamp upon the spacious plain
whereon the college stands; and all the year their military exercises are
performed there, daily. The term of study at this institution, which the State
requires from all cadets, is four years; but, whether it be from the rigid
nature of the discipline, or the national impatience of restraint, or both
causes combined, not more than half the number who begin their studies here,
ever remain to finish them.
The number of cadets being about equal to that of the members of Congress,
one is sent here from every Congressional district: its member influencing the
selection. Commissions in the service are distributed on the same principle. The
dwellings of the various Professors are beautifully situated; and there is a
most excellent hotel for strangers, though it has the two drawbacks of being a
total abstinence house (wines and spirits being forbidden to the students), and
of serving the public meals at rather uncomfortable hours: to wit, breakfast at
seven, dinner at one, and supper at sunset.
The beauty and freshness of this calm retreat, in the very dawn and greenness
of summer - it was then the beginning of June - were exquisite indeed. Leaving
it upon the sixth, and returning to New York, to embark for England on the
succeeding day, I was glad to think that among the last memorable beauties which
had glided past us, and softened in the bright perspective, were those whose
pictures, traced by no common hand, are fresh in most men's minds; not easily to
grow old, or fade beneath the dust of Time: the Kaatskill Mountains, Sleepy
Hollow, and the Tappaan Zee.
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