BeanOptimist
Readthearticlequicklyandanswerthefollowingquestions.
What』sauthor』sopinionaboutoptimismandpessimism?
Doyouseetheglassashalf-fullratherthanhalfempty?Doyoukeepyoureyeuponthedoughnut,notuponthehole?Suddenlytheseclichsarescientificquestions,asresearchersscrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.Researchisprovingthatoptimismcanhelpyoutobehappier,healthierandmoresuccessful.Pessimismleads,bycontrast,tohopelessness,sicknessandfailure,andislinkedtodepression,lonelinessandpainfulshyness.Ifwecouldteachpeopletothinkmorepositively,itwouldbelikeinoculatingthemagainstthesementalills.
Yourhabitscountbutthebeliefthatyoucansucceedaffectswhetherornotyouwill.Inpart,that』sbecauseoptimistsandpessimistsdealwiththesamechallengesanddisappointmentsinverydifferentways.Whenthingsgowrongthepessimisttendstoblamehimself.「I』mnotgoodatthis.」「Ialwaysfail.」Hewouldsay.Buttheoptimistlooksforloopholes.Negativeorpositive,itwasaself-fulfillingprophecy.Ifpeoplefeelhopelesstheydon』tbothertoacquiretheskillstheyneedtosucceed.
Asenseofcontrolisthelitmustestforsuccess.Theoptimistfeelsincontrolofhisownlife.Ifthingsaregoingbadly,heactsquickly,lookingforsolutions,forminganewplanofaction,andreachingoutforadvice.Thepessimistfeelslikefate』splaythingandmovesslowly.Hedoesn』tseekadvice,sinceheassumesnothingcanbedone.Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimist』sfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebody』snaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.Researchhasfoundthatthepessimistdoesn』ttakegoodcareofhimself.Feelingpassiveandunabletododgelife』sblows,heexpectsillhealthandothermisfortunes,nomatterwhathedoes.Hemunchesonjunkfood,avoidsexercise,ignoresthedoctor,hasanotherdrink.
Mostpeopleareamixofoptimismandpessimism,butareinclinedinonedirectionortheother.Itisapatternofthinkinglearnedatourmothers』knees.Itgrowsoutofthousandsofcautionsorencouragements,negativestatementsorpositiveones.Toomany「don』t」andwarningsofdangercanmakeachildfeelincompetent,fearful—andpessimistic.Pessimismisahardhabittobreak—butitcanbedone.
你所看到的是半杯水,還是杯中空的一半呢?你看見的是炸麵包圈,還是其間的空洞呢?當研究人員仔細研究積極思維的效應時,這些陳詞濫調陡然間就都成了科學性的問題。研究表明,樂觀能使人更快樂、健康和成功。悲觀則相反,它使人絕望、病態和失敗,並與消沉、孤寂和痛苦的膽怯緊密相連。如果我們能教導人們更加積極地思考,就如同給那些心理疾病患者注射了預防疫苗。
習慣固然重要,但真正影響你成功的,卻是你是否有成功的信念。從某種程度上說,這是因為樂觀者和悲觀者在面對同樣的挑戰和失望時,會用截然不同的態度來處理。當事情進展不順時,悲觀者會責備自己,他可能會說:「我並不擅長這個,我永遠都是失敗的。」而樂觀者則會去找尋疏漏之處。不論是消極心態,還是積極心態,都是一種能夠自我實現的預料。如果人們覺得希望渺茫,就不會努力獲得成功所必須的技能。
自我控制能力是成功的試金石。樂觀者覺得能掌控自己的命運。如果事情變得糟糕,他會迅速做出反應,尋找解決方案,制定新的行動計劃,還會四處請教。悲觀者則聽任命運的擺佈,行動遲緩。他認為事已至此,無能為力,固而不會尋求賜教。許多研究表明,悲觀者的無助感會破壞其身體的自然防禦體系,即免疫體系;他們無法照顧好自己;消極被動,禁不住生活的風雨;不論做什麼,他都會擔心身體不好或者會有其他不幸;他還會吞吃垃圾食品,拒絕鍛煉,不聽信於醫生,一再放縱酗酒。
人們大多都集悲觀和樂觀於一身,但會偏向於其中一方。這是從小受母親的影響而形成的一種思維模式。父母無數次地警告或鼓勵,消極或積極的話語是這種思維模式形成的根源。太多的「不能」和危險的警告讓孩子感到無所適從,備感恐懼——這樣就形成了悲觀主義。雖然悲觀主義很難克服,但也不是全然不能克服。
AceintheHole
Keywordsandexpressions
1.inoculate
作動詞:嫁接;灌輸
短語:inoculatewith灌輸
例:Heavyregulationwouldnotinoculatetheworldagainstfuturecrises.
嚴格立法並不能讓這個世界從此對危機免疫。
2.scrutinize
作動詞:仔細檢查,詳審
例:Suddenlytheseclichesarescientificquestions,asresearchers
scrutinizethepowerofpositivethinking.
當研究者仔細觀察積極思維的作用時,這些陳詞濫調突然間都成了科學問題。
ChunksinPractice
TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglishorChinese.
1.Manystudiessuggestthatthepessimist』sfeelingofhelplessnessunderminesthebody』snaturaldefenses,theimmunesystem.
______
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2.人們大多都集悲觀和樂觀於一身,但會偏向於其中一方。
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NowaTry
試著運用inoculate,munch,incompetent撰寫一篇200字的短文。